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Islamic Religion

Islamic Religion. What is Islam?. Second largest religion in the world 1.2 Billion Muslims (20% of earth population) Began in modern day Saudi Arabia Based on beliefs on Jews & Christians Abraham is first important figure Belief in the same, single God

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Islamic Religion

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  1. Islamic Religion

  2. What is Islam? • Second largest religion in the world • 1.2 Billion Muslims (20% of earth population) • Began in modern day Saudi Arabia • Based on beliefs on Jews & Christians • Abraham is first important figure • Belief in the same, single God • Follows the teachings of the prophet Muhammad

  3. What is the Qur’an? • Holy Book of Islam • Revealed to Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel • Contains the words of Allah. • Ideally, it should be read and printed in Arabic only. • Contains parts of the Torah and Bible

  4. Who is Muhammad? • A prophet of God, but not a god himself • He is not worshipped • Born in Saudi Arabia, in city of Mecca • A trader until age 40, when Qur’an revealed to him. • His teachings are the foundation of Islam.

  5. Who is Muhammad? • Claimed to travel with Angles to Jerusalem one night • Given tour of Heaven and Hell • Temple built over the site where he went to heaven. • He and his followers make polytheists in Mecca angry, move to Medina. (hijra) • After a decade, he invades Mecca. • Later, he leads some battles himself to “defend the faith.” • Dies in Medina at age 63 • No male sons • Only one daughter

  6. Basic Islamic Beliefs • One unique god, without a partner or son. • Belief in God’s revealed books: - Torah, Bible, Qur’an • Belief in all Gods prophets: - Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad • A final day of judgment. • Belief in the angels of God.

  7. Other Beliefs • Islam Emphasizes: • Tolerance, Humility, Justice, generosity, obedience to law, and courage. • Islam Forbids the consumption of: • Pork (pigs believed to be unclean) • Alcohol

  8. The Five Pillars of Islam • Muhammad said five pillars held up the building of Islam: • Testimony of Faith - “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.” • Prayer: - 5 times a day • Charity: - 2.5% of Muslim income goes to the needy, mosques, etc • Fasting - During Ramadan, no eating during the day • Hajj: - Travel to Mecca at least once, if physically/financially able.

  9. The Hajj • The Fifth Pillar of Islam • Pilgrimage to Mecca • 3-6 days of rituals and prayer • Focus is on the Ka'ba, the holiest shrine and supposed first house of mankind. • Pilgrims are called “hajji” • Not to be used as a derogatory word • Women may not go without men.

  10. Sects of Islam • Two Major Sects: • Sunni • Shi’a (Shiite) • Sunni • approx 90% of Muslims • Believe successors to Muhammad should be chosen by the community • Shi’a (Shiite) • approx 10% of Muslims • Think Muhammad’s successor should be his relatives • Believe in an intermediary called an Imam • Those with religious authority should rule govn’t too.

  11. Successors of Muhammad • Abu Bakr is chosen as Caliph • Bakr’s advisor becomes caliph later. • To avoid civil wars of succession, each diverted attention by invading neighboring, non-Muslim nations. • Weak Persian and Byzantine empires made conquest easy.

  12. Spread of Islam

  13. Spread of Islam • Islam spreads despite major geographic barriers including mountains and deserts. • Is at first spread along the major trade routes to Mecca and Medina. • Arabic language facilitated trade and intellectual activities. • Arabic was the language of the Koran • Therefore, all Muslims could communicate in Arabic. • Traders thus spread the religion and other ideas as they traded.

  14. Arabs as Conquerors • Tolerant of conquered people. • Conquered people had three choices: 1. Convert to Islam 2. Don’t convert, pay annual tribute * Non-Muslims could not be in government 3. Refusal of both meant death • Muslims conquer major cities of Jerusalem and Damascus. • Muslim invasion into Europe stopped at battle of Tours when Franks defeat the Moors of Spain. • In less than 100 years, Muslim/Arab empire spread from India to Spain.

  15. Spread of Islam

  16. The Crusades • Muslims called Seljuk Turks invade Byzantium. • Westerners try to “recapture” the Constantinople and other “Holy Lands.” • Seljuk Turks defeated. • Crusades spread Arab ideas, culture, and art to Western Europe. • 200 years later, the Ottoman Turks finally defeat Byzantine Empire in 1453 AD.

  17. Little Political Unity • Despite a common language and religion, political unity if the first Muslim Empire was short-lived. • People fought over who should be Caliph • Sunni / Shi’a split • Eventually the Muslim world split into three caliphates (areas). • Capitals at Cordova (Spain), Cairo (Egypt), and Baghdad. • Each had its own caliph.

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