Maritime Revolution Part 1

1. Maritime Revolution Part 1 APWH 2014

3. AP Test • $5.00 With waiver = Free Reduced lunch program or income requirement. • $87.00 no waiver. • March 23 Last Day to sign up. • Ms. Holmes/ - Attendance • Sign ups Mondays/Wednesday lunch only

4. Pacific Islands • Settled by Polynesian mariners by 1300 • Evidence = • DNA evidence • Linguistic similarities • Transfer of indigenous plants • Settlements on Easter Island and New Zealand

8. Madagascar • Settled by Malayo-Indonesians and Polynesians

9. Indian Ocean • Easiest and least dangerous of all oceans to navigate because: • monsoon winds were predictable. • Dhow very sturdy vessel

10. Islam and Indian Ocean Trade • Muslim cities in Middle East created a demand for exotic commodities • Muslim trade networks tied regions together • Muslim traders shared a common language, ethic and law • Islam was spread actively to distant trading cities

11. Ming Empire in Indian Ocean • Seven Imperial fleets sent between 1405 and 1433 • Treasure ships of Zheng He carried silk, metals and other valuable gifts for distant rulers

12. Zeng He Visits Africa • Zheng He extended his voyages to Africa • The voyages stimulated the Swahili silk market • At least 3 trading cities in East Africa sent delegations to China in 1415

13. Zeng He Visits Africa 4. The Chinese began to import more pepper • Zheng He’s voyages were discontinued in 1433 • Ming government believed little could be gained by exploring.

15. Atlantic Ocean • Early Middle Ages the Vikings were the best mariners. • Used knowledge of the heavens and seas to travel long distances

16. Amerindians • Natives from South America traveled up the Pacific coast • Amerindians called the Arawaks colonized the West Indies (Caribbean)

17. Amerindians • The Carib tribe by the 15th century had overrun most of the Arawak settlements

18. European Expansion

19. Portugal and Spain • The two nations that began a maritime revolution that would change the course of world history.

20. Motives for Iberian Expansion • Political • Economic • Religious • Intellectual • SPICE

21. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castille • Their marriage created Spain • One of the most powerful European states in the 16th century

22. Italian States • Not interested in exploration • Trading states of Venice and Genoa preferred alliances with Muslim traders for goods. • Mediterranean ships were not built for the open Atlantic

24. Portugal • Early motivation for exploration was to gain access to the sub-Saharan gold trade. • Explicit (Ultimate) goal was to find a passage to India

25. Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • Devoted his life to promoting exploration • third son of King of Portugal organized explorations of Southern Atlantic. Main motives (goals): • 1. Convert Africans to Christianity. • 2. Make contact with Christian rulers in Africa to establish alliances and crusade against Muslim Ottoman Turks. • 3. Discover profitable new lands.

27. Sagres Institute • Research institute for navigation founded by Henry the Navigator • Collected information on southern Africa from location across from North Africa. • Learned from Italians about trans-Saharan trade routes and Jewish cartographers (map makers) • Created the most accurate sea charts and maps of the time period. • Henry’s ships explored the Atlantic and established colonies on Madeira in 1418 and the Azores in 1439.

28. Sagres Institute studied and improved magnetic compass (Chinese) and astrolabe (Arab/Greek) Naval Technology

29. Caravel • Fast • Maneuverable • Good fighting ship • Strong • 1/5 size of large European three-masted square-riggers and Chinese Junks. • Size allowed exploration of shallow coastal waters and strong enough to withstand ocean storms.

31. Equipped with lateen and square sails for performance • small cannon for defense or offense. • They were economical, fast, agile and powerful. • “The best ship that sailed the seas” of the period.

32. Caravel v. Square rigger

33. Lateen sails/astrolabe

34. Trade Winds • After 1444, wind currents were discovered that blew in a circular pattern. • Explorers learned to speedily return from Africa by sailing Northwest to ride the westerly winds home. • After 1444 knowledge of trade winds allowed faster trips home.

36. Financed Henry’s explorers until voyages became profitable. Military/religious order founded 1318 Received exclusive rights to promote Christianity in all new lands discovered. *The reason Portuguese ship sails were marked with the red crusaders’ cross. The Order of Christ

37. Slavery • 1440’s create first financial profit for Portuguese • Captured Africans from Canary Islands and NW coast of Africa sold to European and Mediterranean traders. • By 1500 number of slaves captured or purchased reached 80,000 and rose steadily.

38. Cruzado • New Portuguese gold coin • 1457 Gold trade surpasses slaveryincome in West Africa through Sahara. • Issued when Portugal began making money from Africa • Showed link between religious and secular motives.

39. After Henry the Navigator: • Private commercial explorations provided faster results for Portugal • Fernao Gomes- 1469 • Purchased the privilege of exploring 350 mi. of new African coast a year for five years • In return holds a monopoly on trade he developed there. • Discovered Sao Tome on the equator (would become major sugar source in 1500’s).

40. Gold Coast • Explored by Gomes • Wouldlater become the headquarters of Portuguese West African trade in gold and slaves. • The gold Guinea coin starts to circulate

41. Locate • Portugal • Gold Coast • Canary Islands • Sagres • Guniea

42. Bartolomeu Diaz • 1488 • First Portuguese explorer to reach southern tip of Africa and see Indian Ocean • Bartholomew Diaz

43. Vasco da Gama • 1497-1498 • Sailed around Africa and became first to reach India • Vasco da Gama link

45. Pedro Alvares Cabral • 1500 • Discovered South America while looking for favorable wind around tip of Africa. • 80 years after Henry the Navigator, exploration was about to pay off big for the Portuguese! • Pedro Álvares Cabral

47. End