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Innovation Sites

Innovation Sites. Cultural Hearths…that are not river valley sites. River Valley Theory. Early Civilizations. Americas. Americas Physical Map. Mesoamerica. Early People of Mesoamerica How do these dates compare?. 8000 BCE -7000 BCE earliest farming

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Innovation Sites

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  1. Innovation Sites Cultural Hearths…that are not river valley sites

  2. River Valley Theory

  3. Early Civilizations

  4. Americas

  5. AmericasPhysical Map

  6. Mesoamerica

  7. Early People of MesoamericaHow do these dates compare? 8000BCE-7000BCE earliest farming Beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash, gourds 4000BCE - Maize 3000BCE agricultural villages Domesticated animals included: turkeys, dogs – no draft animals, thus no wheeled vehicles 2000BCE elaborate ceremonial centers (pyramids, temples, palaces)

  8. Early Societies South America 12,000BCE :hunters and gatherers into South America (deer, llama, alpaca) Mountainous and coastal regions Cool, moist climate provided natural harvests (squash, gourds, potatoes) 8,000BCEchanging climate led to agriculture, 2500BCE – 2000BCE first permanent settlements along coast Cultivated beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton Later settlements in the highlands 1000BCE some evidence of complex societies

  9. Important Geography Notes • Climate: mirror image • Sub Saharan Development is different than Mediterranean Coast • Limited Natural Harbors • River travel is difficult: cataracts, reversing and underground currents • Uneven distribution of resources • Soils for farming only adequate in certain areas

  10. Who were the earliest, innovative people of Mesoamerica and ofSouth America?Is Gordon Childe’s 10 point model supported by their beginnings?

  11. Was there an innovative site of civilization? What does the evidence suggest?Are they too, a study in the 10 point model?

  12. Uncovering the mysterious beginnings of Mesoamerica, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa 3500 BCE – 600BCE…

  13. What did we discover? What locations deserve the designation Innovative?

  14. AMERICAS

  15. Mesoamerican Legacy • How do the archeological remains support our understanding (and justification) of the Mesoamerican innovative site? • Which group is the innovative people? • How would you organize the details into a coherent understanding of historical development for the area? • Does the evidence pose problems for Child’s 10 point model?

  16. MESOAMERICA

  17. Olmecs Lowland Coast of the Gulf of Mexico Abundant rainfall – no need for extensive irrigation, but elaborate drainage- chinampas, pot irrigation Slash and burn Elaborate temples, pyramids, stone sculptures, jade animal impressions, tombs Probably authoritarian Military Force – local chiefs Elite classes in ceremonial center - cities

  18. Impact of Olmecs After 400BCE? No written records beyond calendar inscriptions Olmec traditions diffused (possibly through trade)… Rituals, pyramids, calendar Heirs to the Olmecs…

  19. Development of Teotihuacan 500 BCEValley of Mexico Lakes abundant supplies of fish, waterfowl as well as fresh water and opportunities for transportation Water channeled into fields for agriculture Thriving metropolis: Very Urban temples, residential neighborhoods, busy markets, workshops Little written records – paintings & murals POSSIBLE Theocracy- pyramids MESOAMERICA

  20. Teotihuacan Society CLASSES: Priests, artisans, merchants, cultivators TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: Obsidian tools, orange pottery TRADE: Extensive networks throughout region – possible colonial arrangements Little evidence of military or conquest Olmec cultural foundations: writing, calendar, sacrifices Decline after 650CE – purposefully burned MESOAMERICA

  21. Development of the Maya 2000bce earliest evidence 300BCEHighlands of Guatemala– fertile soil 300 – 900 CEMesoamerican lowlands Terrace farming trapped silt from rivers Genuine cities developed into City state system (Tikal and Chichen Itza) 80 large ceremonial centers Continuous fighting -Human sacrifices Chichen Itza (900-1000CE) loosely organized empire MESOAMERICA

  22. MESOAMERICA Social Classes (Large priestly class, Hereditary landowning noble class, Merchant class from nobles and ruling elite, Architects, artisans, peasant, slaves) INNOVATIONS/TRADITIONS Mathematical knowledge (concept of zero) Astronomy solar year -365.242 Maya scribes – hieroglyphics (history, poetry, myth, administration, astronomical records) only 4 remain Creation storyPopol Vuh Maya Society & Religion

  23. Contact with Mesoamerica? South developed largely independently Geography discouraged contact Communication within Andean region difficult Several agricultural products and technologies diffused slowly: Maize and squash to South America Gold, silver, copper metallurgy to Mesoamerica ANDEAN REGION

  24. South America: Andean Region • Who is the innovative site? • How, and why did they develop in this mountainous region? • What major development center to our understanding contradicts the 10 point model?

  25. SIPAN, Moche Culture 1987

  26. Chavin Cult Development of agriculture & ceremonial centers – 2000BCE in dry coastal regions Large populations served as stimulus for emergence of fertility cult Temple complexes, elaborate works of art Intricate stone carvings (jaguars, hawks, eagles, snakes) Weavers, metal craftsmen Increasing complexity – 200BCE large cities (public buildings, extensive residential districts) ANDEAN REGION

  27. Mochica State Valleys of Western Andes Complex society with considerable specialization of labor (300 – 700 CE) No writing system – evidence through art Regional kingdom created through force Integrated economic zones (highlands, central valley and coastal regions) Vertical trade Highlands (potatoes, llama meat, alpaca wool) Central valley (maize, bean, squash) Coasts (fish, cotton) ANDEAN REGION

  28. ANDEAN REGION

  29. Was there a civilization that developed independently?How should we define urban? Sub-Saharan Africa

  30. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA • EASTAFRICA • Kingdom of Kush • In Nubia • Capital at Meroe • 1700BCE- 500 • Kingdom of Aksum • 4th cent BCE

  31. Kush Aksum

  32. Great Zimbabwe “Sacred house” Peak - late 11th Century (DISC. 19TH c) Questions surrounding ability to sustain sizeable population? (Trade) East African Connections

  33. AFRICA Later development significantly influenced by Trans-Saharan Trade and camel caravans

  34. AFRICA Sahel Region 1000 BCE Strong cultural tradition Mythological cities? Nok culture, city at Ife, Yoruba People

  35. Jenne-Jeno Earliest settlement 3rd Century BCE Great interior floodplain of the Middle Niger, rich alluvial soil well-suited to the cultivation of rice worked iron, fashioning the metal into both jewelry and tools By 450 CE, over 60 acres Central inhabited area surrounded by a city wall 40 smaller additional settlements 13,000 inhabitants The archaeology of Jenne- jeno and the surrounding area show an early, indigenous growth of trade and social complexity.(Yet, lack of a state?)

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