1. INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

2. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BASE • ENTRY AND MULTIPLICATION OF ORGANISM RESULTS IN DISEASE • COLONIZATION OCCURS WHEN A MICROORGANISM INVADES THE HOST BUT DOES NOT CAUSE INFECTION (INJURY TO CELLS) • PATIENT SAFETY ISSUE

3. CHAIN OF INFECTION • Infectious agent or pathogen • Reservoir • Portal of exit • Mode of transmission • Portal of entry • Susceptible host

4. Infectious Agent/Pathogen • Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa • Normal flora • Colonization • Virulence • Susceptibility • Review Potter & Perry Table 34-1 (pg. 643) Common Pathogens

5. Reservior • Animate sources (humans, animals, insects) • Inanimate sources (soil, water, food, medical equipment) • Pathogens need a proper environment to survive (food, oxygen, water, temperature, pH, light) • Carriers • Toxins: (Exotoxins, endotoxins)

6. Portal of Exit/Entry • Skin and Mucous Membranes • Respiratory Tract • Urinary Tract • Gastrointestinal tract • Reproductive Tract • Blood

7. Modes of Transmission • Contact (Direct & Indirect) • Droplet • Airborne • Vehicles • Vectors

8. Susceptible Host • Susceptibility (Resistance to infection) • Factors which influence susceptible: • Age • Nutritional status • Chronic disease history • Trauma • Smoking

9. The Infectious Process • Incubation Period • Prodromal Stage • Illness Stage • Convalescence • Pathogenicity of organism • Localized vs. systemic

10. DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION • Normal flora • Body System Defenses (P&P Pg.647) • Inflammation • VASCULAR AND CELLULAR RESPONSE • EDEMA • PHAGOCYTOSIS • LEUKOCYTOSIS • INFLAMMATORY EXUDATE • SEROUS • SANGUINOUS • PURULENT

11. SPECIFIC DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION • CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY • ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

12. HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION (NOSOCOMIAL) • Infections that are a result of health care delivery, not present at admission • EXOGENOUS • ENDOGENOUS • IATROGENIC Refer to Potter & Perry Table 34-2 Pg. 648 (Sites for Causes of HAI’s)

13. Common Health-Care Associated Infections • Urinary Tract Infection • Surgical/Traumatic Wound Infection • Respiratory Tract • Bloodstream

14. The Nursing Process & Infection Control (Assessment) • Status of defense mechanisms • Client Susceptibility • Nutritional Status • Stress • Disease Process • Medical Therapy • Clinical Appearance • Lab Data

15. Lab Data • WBC Count • Sedimentation Rate • Cultures of sputum, urine, blood • Differential Count

16. Assessing Risk for Infection • Age • Disease Processes • Lifestyle • Occupation • Diagnostic Procedures • Medications • Travel History • Nutritional Status

17. NURSING DIAGNOSIS AND PLANNING • NANDA APPROVED DIAGNOSIS • GOALS AND OUTCOMES • MEASURABLE • REALISTIC • PRIORITIES

18. Acute Care Interventions • MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASEPSIS • CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS • CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF: • MODES OF TRANSMISSION • PORTALS OF ENTRY • RESERVOIRS • HAND HYGIENE (HCP, PATIENT, FAMILY)

19. INTERVENTIONS • ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS • HYPERTHERMIA INTERVENTION • ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE • FEVER MANAGEMENT • HEALTH TEACHING • ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY • PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT • HEALTH CARE RESOURCES

20. Isolation Precautions • CDC and OSHA Guidelines • Contact • Droplet • Airborne

21. Drug Resistant Organism Infections & Colonizations • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylocuccus aureus (MRSA) • Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) • Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) • Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis

22. Personal Protective Equipment • Gowns • Respiratory Masks • Eye Protection • Gloves • Specimen Collection • Bagging Trash & Linen • Transporting Patients

23. EVALUATION • MEASURE SUCCESS OF INFECTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES • COMPARE PATIENT’S RESPONSE TO ACTUAL OUTCOME • WHAT WILL YOU DO IF GOAL/OUTCOMES NOT ACHIEVED?