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Myers PSYCHOLOGY 7th Ed

Learning. relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experienceAssociativeClassical conditioningOperant conditioning CognitiveLatent learningObservational learning . Association. We learn by associationAristotleJohn Locke and David HumeAssociative Learninglearning that tw

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY 7th Ed

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    1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 8 Learning James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

    2. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive Latent learning Observational learning

    3. Association We learn by association Aristotle John Locke and David Hume Associative Learning learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences

    4. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning We learn to associate two stimuli

    5. Operant Conditioning We learn to associate a response and its consequence

    6. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

    7. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

    8. Behaviorism John B. Watson viewed psychology as objective science recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes

    9. Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

    10. Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

    11. Classical Conditioning (Acquisition)

    12. Classical Conditioning Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

    14. Classical Conditioning Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

    15. Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients

    16. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

    17. Operant Conditioning Operant Behavior operates (acts) on environment produces consequences Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus behavior learned through classical conditioning

    18. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology

    19. Operant Chamber Skinner Box chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains devices to record responses

    20. Operant Conditioning Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Shaping operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

    21. Operant Conditioning

    22. Principles of Reinforcement Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer

    23. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) Variable Ratio (VR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Interval (VI)

    24. Schedules of Reinforcement

    25. Punishment Punishment aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows powerful controller of unwanted behavior

    26. Punishment

    27. Cognition and Operant Conditioning Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

    28. Latent Learning

    29. Cognition and Operant Conditioning Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation

    30. Observational Learning Observational Learning learning by observing others Modeling process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior

    31. Observational Learning Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

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