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Colonial Expansion in America: Religious Freedom and Trade Routes

The Middle Colonies, including New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, were initially under Dutch control before being taken over by the English in 1664. These colonies were founded for land sales and religious freedom. William Penn's Pennsylvania emerged as a haven for Quakers, emphasizing fair treatment of Native Americans. In the Southern Colonies, Maryland offered refuge to English Catholics, while the Carolinas saw nobles seeking profits by attracting settlers. Georgia, established in 1732 by James Oglethorpe, served as a sanctuary for debtors and convicts.

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Colonial Expansion in America: Religious Freedom and Trade Routes

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  1. The Middle Colonies The Role of Religion in the Colonies

  2. Originally New Netherlands founded by the Dutch 1624 • Taken by force for its trade routes & commerce • Became English in 1664 • Given to the James, Duke of York (later James II) • Originally part of New Netherlands • Became English in 1664 • Founded for land sales and religious freedom • Given by James, Duke of York to friends Berkeley and Carteret New York 1664 New Jersey

  3. Pennsylvania 1682 • Haven for Quakers, a peaceful religious group • Penn insisted on also paying the Native Americans for their land and treating them fairly William Penn

  4. Originally settled by the Swedes (Sweden) 1643-1655 • Taken over by the Dutch 1655-1664 • Taken over by the English when they took New Netherlands in 1664 • Maryland and Pennsylvania both claimed Delaware until 1704 Delaware 1682

  5. The Southern Colonies Geography drives cash crop production

  6. Maryland 1632 • Founded as a refuge for English Catholics • Welcomed all Christians • 1st settlement St. Mary’s City George Calvert, Lord Baltimore

  7. Founded in 1663 by 8 noblemen who were granted the land by the king • Most noted Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury • Nobles sought to make money attracting settlers from Virginia • Split into North and South in 1712 The Carolinas 1663

  8. George II • Reigns 1727-1760 • Son of George I • Stopped the attempt to reclaim the throne by James II’s grandson Charles Edward Stuart

  9. Georgia 1732 • Place to send debtors and convicts • Provided buffer from Spanish attacks from the south • Strict rules; no slaves, no alcohol James Oglethorpe

  10. George III • Reigns 1760-1820 • Grandson of George II • Loses the American Revolution and all of England’s North American colonies except Canada

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