Jan M. Rabaey, E. Alon , A. Niknejad, B. Nikolic , J. Wawrzynek , P. Wright, R. Brodersen

1. A Brand New Wireless Day The Second Decade of BWRC BEARS 2009, February 12, 2008 Jan M. Rabaey, E. Alon, A. Niknejad, B. Nikolic, J. Wawrzynek, P. Wright, R. Brodersen Scientific Co-Directors Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC) University of California at Berkeley

2. 10 Years of BWRC

3. A Decade of Impact 60 GHz CMOS Wireless Real-time Prototyping Ultra-low Power Wireless Cognitive Radio Pulse-Based UWB Start-up companies, numerous best paper awards, alumni’s as leaders in the wireless industry and academia

4. BWRC – Quo Vadis? 5 Billion people to be connected by 2015 (Source: NSN) 7 trillion wireless devices serving 7 billion people in 2017 (Source: WWRF) 1000 wireless devices per person? Growth of Wireless to Continue Unabatedly! EE Times, January 07, 2008 [Courtesy: Niko Kiukkonen, Nokia]

5. The Emerging IT Platform Infrastructional core Sensory swarm Mobile access

6. The Birth of Societal IT Systems*:Looking Beyond the Devices Complex collections of sensors, controllers, compute and storage nodes, and actuators that work together to improve our daily lives *Also known as SiS

7. Making Ubiquitous Wireless Come True

8. Making Ubiquitous Wireless Come True

9. 7 trillion radios quickly run out of spectrum … Wireless is notoriously unreliable Heterogeneity causes incompatibilities Most devices energy-constrained

10. Imagine a Different World IEEE Proceedings, July 2008 How would you build your wireless network?

11. The “Aether-Plug” − A World with Unlimited Wireless Bandwidth and Always-On Coverage? • The fundamental problem of wireless: Forced interaction • Scarcity of spectrum and energy resources Space WL 1 Tech A Tech B WL 2 Tech C Wireless Today! WL 3

12. The “Aether-Plug” − A World with Unlimited Wireless Bandwidth and Always-On Coverage? • Combat interference through better utilization of resources • Pro-active coexistence • Collaboration A Transformative Deployment Model : Spectrum as a Dynamically Tradable Commodity The Connectivity-Brokerage Model

13. Pro-active Coexistence to EnableDynamic Spectrum Allocation • Sense spectral environment over wide bandwidth • Reliably detect primary users and/or interferers • Rules of sharing available resources • Flexibility to adjust to changing circumstances First Experiment in Cognitive: TV Bands @ 700 MHz (IEEE 802.22) Configurable array Sensor(s) RF Optimizer RF ReconfigurableBaseband RF Cognitive terminal

14. The Power of COLLABORATION Multi-hop mesh Working together leads to better capacity, coverage, efficiency and/or reliability Collaborative MIMO Goal: Linear improvement in capacity with the number of users (Gupta/Kumar, Leveque/Tse) Conventionalmindset: Services compete! Adding terminals degrades user capacity

15. Connective Brokerage: Making Coexistence and Collaboration Work Functional entity that enables collection of terminals to transparently connect to backbone network or each other to perform set of services Space Policies, Models WL 1,2,3 Broker Repository Tech A Tech C Multi-disciplinary project Proposed as NSF Expedition In collaboration with business school, providers and regulators Tech B A Technical as well as Economic Proposition

16. Making Ubiquitous Wireless Come True

17. Ever Higher-Data Rates Fast Data Transfer • 60 GHz Offers Plenty of Free Spectrum, but … • Restricted to Room Size • Takes Watts Gigabits/sec for Mobiles? Energy-Efficient 60 GHz Personal Area Networking Single-carrier Beamforming Single-carrier LOS Relaying and Distributed MIMO

18. Prototype 60 GHz LOS Transceiver Simple modulation (2 PAM) High bandwidth Low complexity high-speed analog Low speed digital control/calibration • 170mW TX mode; 138mW RX

19. Collaborative Wafer-Scale Radio 1000s of radios and antennas on single or a stack of wafers • Communication channels configurable in range and capacity • Unprecedented opportunities in imaging • Challenges • On-chip antennas with high efficiency • High-speed back-bone communication link • Wide-area synchronization for collaborative communications

20. Making Ubiquitous Wireless Come True

21. UCB PicoCube UCB mm3 radio The Sensory Swarm“Adding senses to the Internet” “Disappearing electronics” • Low-cost • Miniature size • Self-contained from energy perspective True Immersion Still out of reach

22. Example: Microscopic Wireless to Power Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) • The Age of Neuroscience • BMI – The Instrumentation of Neuroscience • Learning about operation of the brain • Enabling advanced prosthetics • Enabling innovative human-machine interfaces mm3 nodes remotely powered uWs to 1 mWpower budget

23. Rethinking the Meaning of Scaling • Traditional scaling rules have minor impact in “Mobile and Sensory Swarm”… • Exponentially increasing number of (ultra-)small components • Driven byheterogeneousintegration ofinnovativetechnologies Passive MEMS Components Provide Selectivity at ULP [Courtesy: N. Pletcher, UCB] Relay-Based Logic Courtesy: E. Alon, UCB] Mechanical Computing [Courtesy: C. Nguyen, UCB]

24. In Summary …