Psychology, Ninth Edition in Modules David Myers

1. Psychology, Ninth Edition in ModulesDavid Myers Module 8: Sleep and Dreams

2. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock,” it can be altered by artificial light. Preview Question 1: How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams?Preview Question 1: How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams?

3. Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages. Sleep Stages Preview Question 2: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep? Preview Question 2: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?

4. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences

5. Awake but Relaxed Fully awake: beta waves (small and fast) Just before sleep/drowsiness: alpha waves (slightly larger and slower) Hypnagogic hallucinations: vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep. Fully awake: beta waves (small and fast) Just before sleep/drowsiness: alpha waves (slightly larger and slower) Hypnagogic hallucinations: vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.

6. Sleep Stages 1-2 Slow wave sleep: Stages 1-4; include slowing of body functions. Stage 1 Brain activity: theta waves (even slower than alpha) Duration: a few minutes Consciousness: transition from wakefulness to sleep You can quickly regain alertness from this stage and may have hypnagogic hallucinations. Stage 2 Brain activity: theta waves (even slower than alpha) and sleep spindles; brain activity continues to slow down considerably; delta waves begin to emerge Duration: twenty or more minutes Consciousness: onset of true sleep Breathing becomes rhythmical and slight muscle twitches may occur Slow wave sleep: Stages 1-4; include slowing of body functions. Stage 1 Brain activity: theta waves (even slower than alpha) Duration: a few minutes Consciousness: transition from wakefulness to sleep You can quickly regain alertness from this stage and may have hypnagogic hallucinations. Stage 2 Brain activity: theta waves (even slower than alpha) and sleep spindles; brain activity continues to slow down considerably; delta waves begin to emerge Duration: twenty or more minutes Consciousness: onset of true sleep Breathing becomes rhythmical and slight muscle twitches may occur

7. Sleep Stages 3-4 Stage 3: Brain activity:mixture of theta and delta waves; delta waves are 20-50% of brain wave activity Duration: twenty or more minutes Consciousness: Sleeper oblivious to the world; slow-wave sleep further slowing of all body functions Stage IV Brain activity: 50-100% delta waves Duration: twenty or more minutes Consciousness: Sleeper oblivious to the world; muscle movement still occurs; this is the stage when sleepwalking will occur; Can take more than 15 minutes to return to normal consciousness heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels Stage 3: Brain activity:mixture of theta and delta waves; delta waves are 20-50% of brain wave activity Duration: twenty or more minutes Consciousness: Sleeper oblivious to the world; slow-wave sleep further slowing of all body functions Stage IV Brain activity: 50-100% delta waves Duration: twenty or more minutes Consciousness: Sleeper oblivious to the world; muscle movement still occurs; this is the stage when sleepwalking will occur; Can take more than 15 minutes to return to normal consciousness heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels

8. Stage 5: REM Sleep

9. Carrie’s EEG shows sleep spindles. Which stage of sleep is she in? A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. REM

10. REM Sleep Brain activity: fast, active brain waves accompanied by rapid eye movements; visual and motor neurons in the brain fire repeatedly, just as they do during wakefulness Duration: five or more minutes Consciousness: dreams occur Voluntary muscle movement suppressed though muscle twitches may occur; heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing fluctuate considerably Called “paradoxical sleep,” because although the brain waves look like stage 1 sleep, the body is more aroused during REM sleep than during stage 1 sleep. During REM sleep, the brainstem blocks messages from the cortex so that muscles stay relaxed. During REM sleep, the brainstem blocks messages from the cortex so that muscles stay relaxed.

11. Patterns of Sleep Throughout the night, the sleeper cycles between regular and REM sleep, in 70-120 minute cycles. Stage 2 and REM periods increase in duration throughout the night, while stage 3 and 4 shorten. Over the course of the life span, individuals sleep less. Infants sleep about 16 hours a day; the average 72 yr old sleeps about 6 hours. Infants spend half their sleep time in REM; adults spend less than 25%. If allowed to sleep as long as they want, most people will sleep about 9 hours. If only allowed to sleep 5 hours a night, we start to accumulate a “sleep debt” so the effects of sleep deprivation become progressively worse with successive days.If allowed to sleep as long as they want, most people will sleep about 9 hours. If only allowed to sleep 5 hours a night, we start to accumulate a “sleep debt” so the effects of sleep deprivation become progressively worse with successive days.

12. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep

13. Sleep Across the Lifespan

14. Sleep Disorders Insomnia: Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep Narcolepsy: Falling asleep in the midst of waking activities. Sleep Apnea: Stop breathing briefly but repeatedly during the night. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: When a baby stops breathing and dies during sleep. Nightmares Night Terrors: Horrific dream images occurring during state IV sleep; followed by a rapid awakening and an intense feeling of fear. occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal-- appearance of being terrified seldom remembered Insomnia - 40% of people; increases with age, more common in women; In general, people with insomnia are 3X more like to have a mental disorder (cause/effect unclear). Sleeping pills are dangerous when combined with alcohol and may make insomnia worse. Stress management/learning techniques are better. Narcolepsy - suddenly enter REM sleep in the midst of waking activities - often triggered by strong emotion and may cause paralysis which may continue after the person awakens. Cause seems genetic and may be related to hormone hypocretin. Napping, stimulants and other drugs effective. Somnambulism - walking in your sleep. Not harmful to wake; drugs effective. Night Terrors - awaken with powerful feelings of fear; seem to occur mainly during stage 4 sleep - usually don’t recall a dream Nightmares - occur during REM sleep and can often be vividly recalled Apnea - when you stop breathing during sleep, causing you to wake up. Might be repeated 100 X per nightInsomnia - 40% of people; increases with age, more common in women; In general, people with insomnia are 3X more like to have a mental disorder (cause/effect unclear). Sleeping pills are dangerous when combined with alcohol and may make insomnia worse. Stress management/learning techniques are better. Narcolepsy - suddenly enter REM sleep in the midst of waking activities - often triggered by strong emotion and may cause paralysis which may continue after the person awakens. Cause seems genetic and may be related to hormone hypocretin. Napping, stimulants and other drugs effective. Somnambulism - walking in your sleep. Not harmful to wake; drugs effective. Night Terrors - awaken with powerful feelings of fear; seem to occur mainly during stage 4 sleep - usually don’t recall a dream Nightmares - occur during REM sleep and can often be vividly recalled Apnea - when you stop breathing during sleep, causing you to wake up. Might be repeated 100 X per night

15. Those who complain of insomnia typically _______ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and ________ how long they actually slept. A. underestimate; overestimate B. overestimate; underestimate C. underestimate; underestimate D. overestimate; overestimate

16. Preventing SIDS Put baby to sleep on his/her back Do not allow anyone to smoke around your baby or in your baby’s home/surroundings. Do not place ANY blankets, toys or pillows in baby’s crib/cradle until he/she is at least one year old. Keep the temperature between 63 and 68 degrees. Make every effort to keep baby free from infection and treat illness immediately Use a firm mattress. Do not use a “hand-me-down” mattress. Get proper prenatal care and nutrition Putting babies to sleep on their backs has reducing rates of SIDS by 40%.Putting babies to sleep on their backs has reducing rates of SIDS by 40%.

17. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents

18. Sleep Deprivation Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents occurred after midnight when operators were most tired.Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents occurred after midnight when operators were most tired.

19. Dreams: Freud Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering

20. Your friend insists that she rarely has dreams. What is the most likely explanation for this situation? A. She probably has dreams every night, but only rarely remembers her dreams. B. She probably uses barbiturates to help her sleep every night. C. This is normal; most people never dream. D. She stays up too late at night and gets up too early in the morning.

21. Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning

22. Dreams As Information Processing helps facilitate memories As a Physiological Function periodic brain stimulation REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation 8 out of 10 dreams involve negative emotion but only 1 in 10 for men and 1 in 30 for women involved sexual overtones. We do need REM sleep, but we are not sure why….8 out of 10 dreams involve negative emotion but only 1 in 10 for men and 1 in 30 for women involved sexual overtones. We do need REM sleep, but we are not sure why….