A revision guide for GCSE Geography

1. AEB 2007 A revision guide for GCSE Geography

2. Why do we study population?

3. How to use this Population Revision Lesson Click on the topic of your choice on the following slide Read through the animated section to the end Then choose either to return to the main menu and choose another topic, or exit and try a quiz. Finally look at the example GCSE questions on Population and have a go at being an examiner!

5. Population distribution Key words and definitions Population density – The number of people per square km Dense – Many people per square km Sparse – Few people per square km Distribution – How people are spread out

6. People are not evenly spread out across the world – some places have more people (dense populations) and some places have only a few people (sparse populations).Look at the map below that highlights some of these places.

7. Let’s look at why some of these places are densely and some sparsely populated.

8. Distribution of Population

9. The positive Factors will be the opposite of the negative factors

11. Now let’s look at Population Density

12. Let’s try some calculations of Population density…..

15. JAPAN (MEDC) The population density of Japan is about 1 ½ times more than the UK The Northern Island of Hokkaido is sparsely populated due to the cold climate there. The largest island of Honshu is densely populated and contains many large cities including Tokyo. However most of the population is located in the thin coastal strip around the edge of the island as this only suitable flat land available for building – the interior of the island is too mountainous.

16. BRAZIL (LEDC)

18. Some possible site for further information about population distribution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Brazil http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Japan

19. That completes this section on Population Distribution

20. Demographic Transition Model

22. Birth rate – The number of babies born per 1000 people Death rate – The number of people dying for every 1000 people Natural increase – The difference between the birth and death rates (that is if there are more births than deaths) – there will be a natural decrease if there are more deaths than births.

23. Let’s first look at how a DTM is drawn up.

25. The DTM can be divided into 4 stages. These stages describe what the total population is doing at that time and is sometimes given the following names… Stage one – High fluctuation Stage two – Early expanding Stage three – Late expanding Stage four – Low fluctuating

26. We can detail these stages into a table

30. Limitations of the DTM It is like any other model – it is useful but cannot be relied upon. Not all countries will follow the model. Enforced population control (like the Chinese one child policy) have forced the birth rate to drop quicker than in the model

31. That completes this section on the Demographic Transition Model

32. Population Structure

33. In order to understand population structure there are several definitions that you must remember. Birth rate – The number of babies born per 1000 people Death rate – The number of deaths per 1000 people Infant mortality – Death of children under the age of 1 year Life expectancy – The average length of life Economically active – People of working age (16-65 in the UK) Child dependants – People under the age of 16 Elderly dependants – People over 65 years (pensioners) Dependency ratio – The number of dependants for every economically active person

34. Population pyramid

35. How to draw a population pyramid

36. Steps to read a population pyramid Note the title – are you looking at a whole country or a special part of one eg. Rural or urban populations Look at the general shape Note the proportions of the working population and the elderly and child dependants (ages 17-65, above 65 and 0-16) Look at the height of the pyramid (indicates life expectancy) Look at the sex ratio (the proportion of males to females)

37. Let’s look at an example of all these points to note on a pyramid.

38. Dependency ratio

39. So what can population pyramids tell us about a country…

40. Now let’s look at the pyramid of an MEDC… this one is for France.

41. So looking at the general trends

42. We can relate population pyramids to the four sections of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

43. That completes this section on Population Structure

44. Migration

45. Remember these terms… Emigrant – someone moving OUT of a country Migrant – a person moving from one area to another Immigrant – someone moving INTO a country

46. Migration can be classified by distance International migration – when people move from one country to another Regional migration – when people move to another region inside the same country Local migration – when people move a short distance within the same region

47. Migration can also be classified by reason or timescale… Migration may be forced or voluntary Migration may be temporary or permanent

48. People migrate due to a combination of push and pull factors Push factors – conditions where they are make people think they should move to improve their quality of life Pull factors – Opportunities in another area attract people to move there for a better quality of life

49. Let us consider what some of these push and pull factors might be

50. So people may migrate for very different reasons…

51. Do note these terms – the names are very similar and can be confusing. Urbanisation – Populations in towns or cities increasing due to migration from rural areas Deurbanisation – a movement of people out of the urban environment Reurbanisation – the movement of people back into a previously urbanised area (possibly due to regeneration of that area)

52. Case Studies You need to know details about real life examples of migrations. You will need to know the type of migration the push and pull factors the effects on the area they migrants go to and the affects the migrants have on the area they have left

53. Here are some brief notes about migration within Europe – you will need to research more details on your own

54. That completes this section on Migration

55. Population Change Populations may increase and decrease over time Population change may be due to the balance of births and deaths or to migration, often it is a combination of both

56. World Population Growth The worlds population is estimated to be about six billion. The total has doubled since 1960 Over 90% of this growth is in LEDCs

57. Why is there a difference in growth between MEDCs and LEDCs? Population growth rates are highest in LEDCs where birth rates are high and death rates are falling Life expectancy is growing due to improving health care and living conditions.

58. The following slide highlights some of the reasons birth and death rates may rise or fall. Make sure you are familiar with all these concepts. Look up any of these that you are unsure about. Any good Geography text book will help you with this or try this web site

59. Ways to reduce birth and death rates Lack of education Low status of women Religion and tradition High infant mortality Low incomes Lack of contraception Government policy Government policy High incomes Family planning/contraceptives Higher status of women Low infant mortality Child labour laws Education

60. Population Policies Many countries are trying to decrease birth rates through the introduction of family planning. Bangladesh has been successful combining this with increased education of women

61. A more radical approach to population control was the introduction of the one child policy in China 25% of the world’s population is Chinese In 1979 the government introduced the one child policy People who have more than 1 child pay big fines. Only single children get free education, health care and pensions

62. Effects of the Policy Has resulted in a high rate of infanticide (killing newborn babies) 90% of which were female as Chinese tradition values boys above girls But without the policy it is estimated there would be an extra 320million people in China Recently the government has started to relax this policy and focus more on the education method.

63. Population problems

64. Ageing populations – a population problem for MEDCs

65. That completes this section on Population Change

66. Thank you for using this revision tool to help with your studies of Population.