Grammar

1. Grammar Yeaya

2. Nouns Person Susie, Ms. Carey, Aunt Nicey Place California, school, park, India Thing book, football, soda, candy Idea pride, love, peace, anger, morals

3. Find all of the nouns! There are 18 • The cold passed reluctantly from the earth. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened and cast its eyes upon the roads, which were growing from long troughs of liquid mud to proper thoroughfares. A river, amber-tinted in the shadow of its banks, had become sorrowful with blackness at nightfall, and one could see across it the red, eyelike gleam of hostile camp fires set in the low brows of distant hills.

4. The cold passed reluctantly from the earth. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened and cast its eyes upon the roads, which were growing from long troughs of liquid mud to proper thoroughfares. A river, amber-tinted in the shadow of its banks, had become sorrowful with blackness at nightfall, and one could see across it the red, eyelike gleam of hostile campfires set in the low brows of distant hills.

5. Pronouns • Word that takes the place of a noun --Personal Pronouns I, you, me, her, his, him, she, they their, you, your, its our we us --Reflexive and Intensive herself, himself, themselves, itself, etc. --Demonstrative- directs attention this, that, these, those These items are broken. --Relative- begins a subordinate clause that, which, who, whom, whose -Ted bought the gift that he liked. -She sung a tune which brought tears to our eyes.

6. --Interrogative- begins a question what, which, who, whom, whose What were you thinking? Whose are these? Who are you? --Indefinite- refer to people, places, or things that are not identified all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone Everyone was yelling. Is something bothering you? Nobody likes me. There were none.

7. CIRCLE THE PRONOUNS IN THE SENTENCES Did you see the painting that I did for the art fair at our school? (4) Cynthia and Julia took our books by mistake, and we picked up theirs. (3) Didn’t Reginald paint a portrait of himself? (1) We could either buy the piñatas or make them ourselves. (3) I am just not myself today. (2) Who is your karate instructor? (2) This is the song we sang in the talent show. (2) Of the planets Mars and Venus, which is closer to Earth? (1) I enjoyed reading the short stories, especially those. (2) Is that a direct quotation? (1) Everyone who went to the space camp had a wonderful time. (2) None of these keys will unlock either of those doors. (3) This apple is sweet. May I have another? (3) Is anything wrong? You act as if something is troubling you. (4) No one was absent today.(1) All but one of the club members voted to increase membership dues. (2)

8. Did you see the painting thatI did for the art fair at our school? (4) Cynthia and Julia took our books by mistake, and we picked up theirs. (3) Didn’t Reginald paint a portrait of himself? (1) We could either buy the piñatas or make themourselves. (3) I am just not myself today. (2) Who is your karate instructor? (2) This is the song we sang in the talent show. (2) Of the planets Mars and Venus, which is closer to Earth? (1) I enjoyed reading the short stories, especially those. (2) Is that a direct quotation? (1) Everyonewho went to the space camp had a wonderful time. (2) None of these keys will unlock either of those doors. (3) This apple is sweet. May I have another? (3) Is anything wrong? You act as if something is troubling you. (4) No one was absent today.(1) All but one of the club members voted to increase membership dues. (2)

9. Verbs Show action or a state of being (to be!) -Action- show a physical/mental action -Linking Verbs-link a noun/pronoun to an adjective -appears, seems, becomes, remain, stay, prove, turn, sound, feel, smell, tastes, grow, look -“To Be” verbs= is are was were am… She is pretty. Today was cold. I am nice. He seemed angry. It became sunny. The weather turned terrible. Sally looks beautiful. -Helping Verbs- add to the verb am, can, will be, should have been, do, does, did, have, shall, should, could, would I am swimming She will be arriving. I should have been studying. I do like you.

10. Find all of the Verbs!! (13) • Across the room, cracker boxes were made to serve as furniture and were grouped about the fireplace. A picture from an Illustrated Weekly was upon the log walls, and three rifles were paralleled on pegs. Equipment hung on handy projections and some tin dishes lay upon a small pile of firewood. The sunlight, without beating upon it, made it glow a light yellow shade. A small window shot an oblique square of whiter light upon the cluttered floor. The smoke from the fire at times neglected the clay chimney and sticks made endless threats to set ablaze the whole establishment.

11. Across the room, cracker boxes were madeto serve as furniture and were grouped about the fireplace. A picture from an Illustrated Weekly was upon the log walls, and three rifles were paralleled on pegs. Equipment hung on handy projections and some tin dishes lay upon a small pile of firewood. The sunlight, without beating upon it, made it glow a light yellow shade. A small window shot an oblique square of whiter light upon the cluttered floor. The smoke from the fire at times neglected the clay chimney and sticks made endless threats to set ablaze the whole establishment.

12. Adjectives • Modify a noun/pronoun Answer: What Kind? Picnictable. Italianspaghetti. Which one? That one. (that is also a pronoun) How many? Seven cookies. Few people How much? Plenty of snow. Articles: the, a, an The dog…. A cat….

13. Find the adjectives! • He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of coals.

14. He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, thecool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside afarmer's covered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of coals.

15. Find all the adjectives! The cold passed reluctantly from the earth. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened and cast its eyes upon the roads, which were growing from long troughs of liquid mud to proper thoroughfares. A river, amber-tinted in the shadow of its banks, had become sorrowful with blackness at nightfall, and one could see across it the red, eyelike gleam of hostile camp fires set in the low brows of distant hills.

16. The cold passed reluctantly from the earth. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened and cast its eyes upon the roads, which were growing from long troughs of liquid mud to proper thoroughfares. A river, amber-tinted in the shadow of its banks, had become sorrowful with blackness at nightfall, and one could see across it thered, eyelike gleam of hostile camp fires set in the low brows of distant hills

17. Adverbs • Modify verbs, adjectives AND other adverbs Answer:-Where? She still lives there now. (‘there’ is also a pronoun!) -When? It's starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first. She left early. -In what manner? Please wash your handsthoroughly. She moved slowly and spoke quietly.-Frequency?She takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself. He was slightly nervous. (adverb modifying an adjective) She practiced verydiligently. (adverb modifying another adverb) Please come herenow. (two adverbs modifying the same verb) See the website for more adverb info: http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/adverbs.htm

18. 1. Marcella, deposit the money safely in the most powerful vault. (2) 2. The recently found journal said Wallace was so lost that he just wandered aimlessly in circles. (3) 3. Running quickly for the endzone, the widely recruited fullback tripped. (2) 4. Lynne pushed the most talented students so they would finish the assignment quickly. (2) 5. The author was quite annoyed when she determined that the publisher was very dishonest. (2) 6. Wendy threw the garbage out, but the flies would not leave. (2) 7. After she looked carefully in both directions, Amitabha sprinted across. (2) 8. Now that Royce has arrived safely, the group can settle down. (3) 9. Their most talented competitor still will not defeat our top contender. (3) 10. Always think positively when you are presented an opportunity to succeed. (2) 11. The CEO feels unusually tense today. (2) 12. Ginger spoke glowingly of Kyoko’s extraordinary acting skills. (1) 13. The children’s teacher announced that their class was the most highly rated in the district.(2) 14. Greg’s mule accepted every task willingly. (1) 15. You should put that hibiscus inside. (1) 16. In the winter, New York is much colder than Florida. (1) 17. Hank waved enthusiastically at Steve. (1) 18. Speak softly into the microphone or we will suffer greatly. (2) 19. When Thomas pounded firmly on the door, he woke the sleeping baby. (1) 20. “Grammar is so difficult and quite boring,” the overworked student complained bitterly. (3)

19. 1. Marcella, deposit the money safely in the most powerful vault. (2) 2. The recently found journal said Wallace was so lost that he just wandered aimlessly in circles. (3) 3. Running quickly for the endzone, the widely recruited fullback tripped. (2) 4. Lynne pushed the most talented students so they would finish the assignment quickly. (2) 5. The author was quite annoyed when she determined that the publisher was very dishonest. (2) 6. Wendy threw the garbage out, but the flies would not leave. (2) 7. After she looked carefully in both directions, Amitabha sprinted across. (2) 8. Now that Royce has arrived safely, the group can settle down. (3) 9. Their most talented competitor still will not defeat our top contender. (3) 10. Always think positively when you are presented an opportunity to succeed. (2) 11. The CEO feels unusually tense today. (2) 12. Ginger spoke glowingly of Kyoko’s extraordinary acting skills. (1) 13. The children’s teacher announced that their class was the mosthighly rated in the district.(2) 14. Greg’s mule accepted every task willingly. (1) 15. You should put that hibiscus inside. (1) 16. In the winter, New York is much colder than Florida. (1) 17. Hank waved enthusiastically at Steve. (1) 18. Speak softly into the microphone or we will suffer greatly. (2) 19. When Thomas pounded firmly on the door, he woke the sleeping baby. (1) 20. “Grammar is so difficult and quite boring,” the overworked student complained bitterly. (3)

20. Prepositions • Adds extra information • Must be a PHRASE, and to be a PHRASE, it must have an object (aka the object of the preposition). • Prepositions, like earrings and hats, are mere accessories, and can be removed from a sentence without changing the subject and/or verb. She ran over the bridge. “over” is the prep. and “bridge” is the object. (Over the river) and (through the woods) (to Grandmother’s house) we go. We drove across. Adverb modifying “drove” We drove (across the bridge). Preposition because “bridge” is an object. For more info., go to: http://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.htm

22. Memorize for 40 points! Sing to the tune of “Yankee Doodle” With on for after at by in Beside beneath according to Among above from outside through Against around inside into Despite below beyond between Within without of up down off Out of near toward opposite Onto about along side

23. Find the prepositional phrases! Across the room, cracker boxes were made to serve as furniture and were grouped about the fireplace. A picture from an Illustrated Weekly was upon the log walls, and three rifles were paralleled on pegs. Equipment hung on handy projections and some tin dishes lay upon a small pile of firewood. The sunlight, without beating upon it, made it glow a light yellow shade. A small window shot an oblique square of whiter light upon the cluttered floor. The smoke from the fire at times neglected the clay chimney and sticks made endless threats to set ablaze the whole establishment.

24. Across the room, cracker boxes were made to serve as furniture and were grouped about the fireplace. A picture from an Illustrated Weekly was upon the log walls, and three rifles were paralleled on pegs. Equipment hung on handy projections and some tin dishes lay upon a small pile of firewood. The sunlight, without beating upon it, made it glow a light yellow shade. A small window shot an oblique square of whiter light upon the cluttered floor. The smoke from the fire at times neglected the clay chimney and sticks made endless threats to set ablaze the whole establishment.

25. Prepositional Phrase Poems: Write one prepositional phrase poems. You may choose any topic. Write at LEAST 10 prepositional phrases and conclude your poem with an independent clause (a complete sentence). Your poem must have a title. Use vivid, specific nouns and adjectives. Ex: The Rapture of Flight Over the bright rooftops Into the endless blue Through the mass Of drifting clouds Along the warm summer wind With massive flocks Of curious birds Under the brazen sun Across marigold fields Towards unseen worlds Truly, I knew the rapture of flight.

26. Conjunctions • Words that connect groups of words. Coordinating: Use a comma before them, and don’t forget! (unless: I like candy and ice cream.) And never begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Correlative: Not only was it cold, but it also was snowing. Neither Kathy nor Sally wanted to go outside.

27. …..conjunctions contd. Subordinating: Connect clauses School was canceled, becauseit was snowing. When I’m feeling angry, I just stay away from people. I ate the hamburger even though I wasn’t hungry. If a sentence begins with a Sub. Conj. you must use a comma! • I never believed in love untilI saw him. UntilI saw him, I never believed in love. For more help, visit this website: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/grammar_subordinate.html

28. …conjunctions contd. • Conjunctive Adverbs • Adverb that acts as a conjunction Maureen would have come with us; however, she had a project to finish. You arrived twenty minutes late; furthermore, you forgot your books. The car is unreliable. For example, it never starts on a cold morning.

29. Add the needed commas and underline the conjunctions • While standing on the scaffold in front of the town Hester cannot handle the harshness of the current circumstances so she starts hallucinating to lessen the pain of reality. • While standing on the scaffold in front of the town, Hester cannot handle the harshness of the current circumstances, so she starts hallucinating to lessen the pain of reality.

30. Underline the conjunctions and identify the type of conjunction. Either Edna or Barbara would make a good president. Janet will never agree to that plan, nor will she support anyone who does. The pilot waited until he received the signal for takeoff We couldn’t decide whether to join the swimmers or go stay on the beach. Wherever the child walked, she left a trail of cookie crumbs. The runner was exhausted but happy. Sandy ate not only her own dinner but also mine. We waited for hours, yet no one came. You will have to call after lunch because she is in a meeting now. Both Kevin and Alice are working on the ticket committee. As soon as he heard about the sale, he rushed to the store. Would you rather have a hot dog or a hamburger? Neither the tomatoes nor the eggplants are ripe yet. If you hear of a part-time job, please let me know. Would you please set the table while I finish the salad. We had to take a detour because the bridge had washed out. The town has cleaned up Jones Park, so it is now a safe place to play. We all went out for pizza after we finished painting the house. The visiting team played hard and well.

31. Underline the conjunctions and identify the type of conjunction. Either Edna or Barbara would make a good president. Janet will never agree to that plan, nor will she support anyone who does. The pilot waited until he received the signal for takeoff We couldn’t decide whether to join the swimmers or go stay on the beach. Wherever the child walked, she left a trail of cookie crumbs. The runner was exhausted but happy. Sandy ate not only her own dinner but also mine. We waited for hours, yet no one came. You will have to call after lunch because she is in a meeting now. Both Kevin and Alice are working on the ticket committee. As soon as he heard about the sale, he rushed to the store. Would you rather have a hot dog or a hamburger? Neither the tomatoes nor the eggplants are ripe yet. If you hear of a part-time job, please let me know. Would you please set the table while I finish the salad. We had to take a detour because the bridge had washed out. The town has cleaned up Jones Park, so it is now a safe place to play. We all went out for pizza after we finished painting the house. The visiting team played hard and well.

32. 1. You can come to the meeting ______ you don't say anything. 2. I'm not leaving ______ I get an apology from you. 3. I came here ______ you could give me an explanation. 4. Bob is very tall ______ Bill is very short. 5. You look ______ you've seen a ghost. 6. I refuse to pay anything ______ you do the work properly. 7. I'm going shopping for food this evening ______ I don't have to go at the weekend. 8. You look ______ you haven't eaten for a week. 9. I came early ______ I could talk to you privately. 10. ______ I don't think she's perfect for the job, she's certainly better qualified than Steve. 11. I don't mind if you go out for lunch ______ you're back for the meeting at two. 12. Are you OK? You look ______ you have a problem. 13. ______ the job is very interesting, it's also very badly paid. 14. We'll go to the mountains on Saturday ______ it doesn't rain. 15. The winters here are very cold ______ the summers are very hot. 16. You can write the report when you want ______ it's ready by the end of the month. 17. It looks ______ the government has got a lot of problems. 18. I want Mary to be in charge ______ I get back from holiday. 19. ______ I don't approve of what you did, I'm not going to punish you for it. 20. I'm learning English ______ I can get a better job.

33. Interjections • Expresses a feeling or emotion Ouch! Oh! Wow! Darn! Uh, Ugh! Hey! Shucks! Oh my!

34. Identify if the underlined word is a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, or conjunction. • The train will round the curve in just a minute. • That round table looks lovely there. • The doctor asked her associate to do her rounds for her. • The Holts stopped to see us, before they left for vacation. • Where shall we meet before the game? • Have you ever heard that song before? • The second act of the play seemed very long. • Those children play well together. • Angie’s play house is a miniature of her family’s home. • We could not book reservations for the date we wanted. • Ms Jones has written a book about ferns. • Yellowroses are my favorite flower. • That paper will yellow with age. • It is bad luck to walk underneath a ladder. • Instead of walking over the bridge, she went underneath. • Jerry repented of his past mistakes. • Turn right just past the library. • Several buses drove past before the right one came. • Always follow through after you swing. • The baseball went through the window. • We sat around the campfire afterdinner. • The gardener raked the yard after he trimmed the shrubs.

35. The train will round the curve in just a minute. VERB • The doctor asked her associate to do her rounds for her. NOUN • The Holts stopped to see us, before they left for vacation. CONJUNCTION • Where shall we meet (before the game)? PREPOSITION • Have you ever heard that song before? ADVERB • The second act of the play seemed very long. NOUN • Those children play well together. VERB • Angie’s play house is a miniature of her family’s home. ADJECTIVE • We could not book reservations for the date we wanted. VERB • Ms. Jones has written a book about ferns. NOUN • Yellow roses are my favorite flower. ADJECTIVE • That paper will yellow with age. VERB • It is bad luck to walk underneath a ladder. PREPOSITION • Instead of walking over the bridge, she went underneath. ADVERB • Jerry repented of his past mistakes. ADJECTIVE • Turn right just past the library. PREPOSITION • Several buses drove past before the right one came. ADVERB • Always follow through after you swing. ADVERB • The baseball went through the window. PREPOSITION • We sat around the campfire after dinner. PREPOSITION • The gardener raked the yard after he trimmed the shrubs. CONJUNCTION

36. fragment = words that do NOT express a complete thought (the opposite of a sentence) S-“What made the bombers disappear in the Bermuda Triangle?” F- “Possibly storms of air currents.” (missing verb) S- “What happened to the planes?” F- “Don’t know.” (missing subject) S- “When did they disappear?” F- “In December of 1945.” (missing sub. and verb)

37. Sentence or fragment? What is missing? • In the woods almost until dawn. • A few inches of snow. • The grizzly bear needs large territories undisturbed by people. • Have been unusually high because of heavy rains. • Herds of thousands of caribou. • Haste makes waste. • Divide in search of food. • Jacques-Yves Cousteau believes artificial islands could be built off the coast. • About a great white shark, one of the largest ever caught. • Cougars have become increasingly rare. • Is the last frontier. • There he sat, totally content. • In the day in order to hunt at night. • Ice-covered Mount McKinley in Alaska attracts storms. • Wolves, jaguars, and grizzly bears, once numerous in North America. • Bored dogs need things to do, such as chasing sticks. • Skeletons of old paddle-wheeled boats. • Without a tie and jacket. • Based on the Roman Emperor Hadrain’s plans for the Pantheon in Rome, Thomas Jefferson’s Rotunda at the University of Virginia. • For two hundred years after the founding of the Olympic Games in 776 B.C.

38. In the woods almost until dawn. F Both A few inches of snow. F- verb The grizzly bear needs large territories undisturbed by people. Sent. Have been unusually high because of heavy rains. F- Sub Herds of thousands of caribou. F- Verb Haste makes waste. Sent. Divide in search of food. F- Sub. Jacques-Yves Cousteau believes artificial islands could be built off the coast. Sent. About a great white shark, one of the largest ever caught. F- both Cougars have become increasingly rare. Sent. Is the last frontier. F- Sub. There he sat, totally content. Sent. In the day in order to hunt at night. F- both Ice-covered Mount McKinley in Alaska attracts storms. Sent. Wolves, jaguars, and grizzly bears, once numerous in North America. F- Verb Bored dogs need things to do, such as chasing sticks. Sent. Skeletons of old paddle-wheeled boats. F- Verb Without a tie and jacket. F- Both Based on the Roman Emperor Hadrain’s plans for the Pantheon in Rome, Thomas Jefferson’s Rotunda at the University of Virginia. F- Verb For two hundred years after the founding of the Olympic Games in 776 B.C. F- Both