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Postwar Outcomes

Postwar Outcomes. Soviet forces occupy most of Eastern and Central Europe and Eastern Germany Germany and Berlin are divided into East (U.S.S.R.-communist) and West (America, Britain and France-democratic) Japan is occupied by the U.S., becomes a democracy with U.S. military protection.

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Postwar Outcomes

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  1. Postwar Outcomes • Soviet forces occupy most of Eastern and Central Europe and Eastern Germany • Germany and Berlin are divided into East (U.S.S.R.-communist) and West (America, Britain and France-democratic) • Japan is occupied by the U.S., becomes a democracy with U.S. military protection

  2. How will the US fight Communism? • MARSHALL PLAN=U.S. economic aid to rebuild Europe and prevent spread of Communism • TRUMAN DOCTRINE=military support for countries fighting against communism (Containment) • DETERENCE = mutual destruction with the atomic bomb • Mean neither side will bomb the other

  3. Alliances and Organizations • United Nations – international organization meant to prevent war and conflict/ • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • US and its allies, the West. • Protection from Soviet Union • Warsaw Pact • Soviet Union and its allies, the East • Protection from the US and NATO

  4. Understanding: The COLD WAR • Influenced global politics and U.S. domestic politics, foreign policy and the role of government in the economy for 45 years • Competition between two different systems. • Democracy and Capitalism (free market economy) • Totalitarianism and Socialism (Communism)

  5. Containment • U.S. policy to provide military support to keep Communism from spreading (okay where it is, but no more) • Based on the Truman Doctrine • Leads to the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War

  6. Communism in China • Increases U.S. fear of Communism • Soviets and Chinese become enemies • President Nixon uses this in his foreign policy in the 1970’s • He travels to China

  7. Weapons build up • USSR matches US in nuclear weapons in the 1950’s • Massive Retaliation Policy (Eisenhower) also known as brinksmanship • Threat of nuclear war-destruction of both countries becomes possible.

  8. Cold War at Home • Fear of Communism and the threat of Nuclear war • 50’s and 60’s--U.S. citizens build bomb shelters and schools hold nuclear attack drills • Convictions of Soviet spies and Soviet construction of nuclear weapons increase fear • Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

  9. Red Scare (McCarthyism) • Senator Joseph McCarthy falsely accuses many of being communist--increases fear and destroys careers • McCarthyism: making false accusations with little or no evidence, based on rumor or guilt by association

  10. Suburban and Commercial America • Levittown, Long Island (First real suburban development)

  11. Examples of 1950s/1960s Culture • Credit Cards • Television • Franchise Restaurants • Rock and Roll • Baseball (Jackie Robinson) • 1950s Video

  12. Division of Korea • Divided at the 38th parallel (38 degrees north latitude): Japan surrenders North to the Soviets, and South to the Allies

  13. Two nations develop • North Korea=Soviet-supported Communist government • South Korea=U.S. supported non-Communist government

  14. Invasion, June 25, 1950 • North Korea invades South Korea, captures nearly all of South Korea

  15. Counterattack • UN troops under General Douglas MacArthur assist South Korea • Successfully fight the North • Communist China enters and helps the North

  16. Ceasefire • 1953, two Koreas agree to keep earlier boundary (38th parallel) • The two sides technically remain at war today.

  17. Korean War • North Korea invades South Korea • UNITED NATIONS counterattacks, led by MacArthur • Communist China aids North Korea • Stalemate results in Communist North and Free South at the 38th Parallel (considered victory for Containment Policy)

  18. Communism takes Cuba(remember Cuba is 90 miles off Florida coast!) • Fidel Castro leads communist revolution in the late 1950’s • Many Cubans flee to Florida • Failure of the BAY OF PIGS--U.S. sponsored revolt--attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow castro

  19. Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962 U.S.S.R. attempt to place nuclear missiles in Cuba • John F. Kennedy orders them removed • U.S. blockades Cuba • For several days, the world was on the brink of nuclear war • Khrushchev backs down (blinks) and removes the missiles

  20. Vietnam War • North Vietnam, supplied by USSR, tries to install communist government in South • North led by Ho Chi Minh • U.S. helps South Vietnam’s resistance • American military buildup begins with JFK and intensifies with Lyndon Johnson after Kennedy’s assassination in 1963

  21. Vietnam War • Tonkin Gulf Resolution • Gives Johnson ability to send more troops. • U.S. military forces defeat North Vietnam in the field but can’t force an end to the war • U.S. is divided about the war • Active opposition to US involvement, especially on college campuses (Kent State Massacre, 1970) • Hawks vs. Doves • Johnson decides not to run for re-election, Nixon becomes the next President promising to bring the war to an honorable end.

  22. Kent State Massacre, 1970

  23. Vietnam War • Nixon begins VIETNAMIZATION-replacing U.S. troops with South Vietnamese (SV) troops and U.S. military aid • Vietnamization fails • SV can’t resist Soviet-supplied NV • US troops evacuated • Vietnam becomes one, Communist nation • Nixon forced from office by the WATERGATE SCANDAL

  24. Communism had spread through Asia and Eastern Europe

  25. Foreign Policy • Becomes major issue in all presidential elections • State of Virginia Information • Large military expenditures benefit Virginia more than any other state • Hampton Roads-military & air bases • Northern Virginia-Pentagon • Private military contractors

  26. Military • Strong military was the key to American victory over the Soviet Union in the Cold War • Millions of Americans served at great personal and family sacrifice (duty) in conflicts that weren’t always popular • Result: US ideals of democracy and freedom prevail in the Cold War

  27. American military forces during the Cold War • Pres. JFK’s inaugural address pledges U.S. will: “PAY ANY PRICE, BEAR ANY BURDEN, MEET ANY HARDSHIP, SUPPORT ANY FRIEND, OPPOSE ANY FOE IN ORDER TO ASSURE THE SURVIVAL AND SUCCES OF LIBERTY.” • “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”

  28. American military forces during the Cold War • Beginning of a period of lack of confidence in government • JFK (WW II vet) assassinated in Dallas, Texas, 1963 • Vietnam Vets return to face indifference or hostility (different from other wars) • Takes years for the nation to heal and recognize and honor them

  29. Understanding: the end of the Cold war • Both internal and external pressures caused the collapse of the Soviet Union

  30. Internal Problems of the Soviet Union • Increasing military expenses to compete with US • Increased NATIONALISM in Soviet republics • Fast-paced economic reforms to market economy • Gorbachev-”GLASTNOST” (openness) and “PERESTROIKA” (economic restructuring)

  31. Role of President Reagan in the fall of the Soviet Union • Increased U.S. military and economic pressure on the USSR • Challenged their moral legitimacy • Berlin wall speech: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”

  32. New Post-Cold War goals and policies • Foreign aid • Humanitarian aid • Human rights support

  33. George H.W. Bush 1989-1993 (1 term) • Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe • Reunification of Germany • Collapse of Yugoslavia • Break-up of Soviet Union (1991) • Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) • First time women serve in combat roles • “Operation Desert Storm”

  34. William J. Clinton1993-2001 • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • Full diplomatic relations with Vietnam • Renewed trade with South Africa after APARTHEID • NATO action in the former Yugoslavia

  35. George W. Bush2001-2009 • Terrorist attack on U.S. soil (9/11/2001) • War in Afghanistan • War in Iraq • Patriot Act

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