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生物化學課程改進之研究

生物化學課程改進之研究. 賴明德教授 生物化學及分子生物研究所 成功大學醫學院 2008. 大綱. 教學內容之歷史演變 中外教學方法之比較 教學方法之研究 結語. 引言. 生物化學 (Biochemistry) 從字面上看便是從化學的角度解釋生物現象。 From Wikipedia: Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. 教學. 教學之成功決定於 [ 教學內容 ] 及 [ 教學方法 ] 。. 教學內容.

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生物化學課程改進之研究

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  1. 生物化學課程改進之研究 賴明德教授 生物化學及分子生物研究所 成功大學醫學院 2008

  2. 大綱 • 教學內容之歷史演變 • 中外教學方法之比較 • 教學方法之研究 • 結語

  3. 引言 • 生物化學(Biochemistry)從字面上看便是從化學的角度解釋生物現象。 • From Wikipedia: Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

  4. 教學 • 教學之成功決定於[教學內容]及[教學方法]。

  5. 教學內容 • 從歷史的角度看,生命科學在八零年代之後突飛猛進,改變最大的應是增加很多的分子生物學及細胞生物學。其中分子生物學的內容常被置在生物化學之範圍內,所以也導致生物化學的教科書動輒上千頁。 • 如二本最熱門且歷時數十年為廣多教師所使用的生化課本(Prof. A. Lehninger與Prof. L. Stryer),我們常簡稱你使用的教科書是Lehninger or Stryer. 若比較三十年前的Lehninger 和三十年後的Lehninger textbook最大的差異,便是在於新增加的分子生物。由於分子生物內容增加快速,有時也自行獨立成為單獨學門。

  6. 分子生物學 • 所謂分子生物(Molecular Biology)一般包括 Genome organization, DNA replication, DNA repair, Transcription, Regulation of Transcription, Translation, Post-translational regulation. 其中除了translation是早期生化便己有較明確之知識外,其他大多是重組DNA技術後,利用新的分子生物技術所增加的知識。

  7. 醫學教科書 • 另外有一本Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 是由Lange出的比較像Review 類的供醫學系學生使用的。這本書可能由於分子生物學在醫學考試中仍未佔重要部分,其中分子生物學所佔比例並未大量增加。這本書較適合醫學相關學生,在學完生化之後,碰到相關問題,在此textbook中尋找基礎生化知識,但不太適合新學生學習,不易理解,且內容較少知識獲得之研究過程及推論。

  8. The evolution of textbooks 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990-2000 CD-ROMs, problems, instructors texts, study guides, transparencies web sites. Two-color start logics of biochem. Stryer: full color, problems. The first molecular cell textbook, DNA comes first. More figures Math and Chem downgraded Linear description

  9. The changing faces of textbooks a | The Meselson and Stahl experiment according to Baldwin, Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry fourth edition (1963) (C) Cambridge Univ. Press, and b | according to Mathews and Van Holde (1996), Biochemistry, second edition, (C) Benjamin Cummings, Redwood City, California.

  10. 教學方法 • 比較對象: • 國內:台大,陽明,成大 • 美國:Ohio State University, Indiana State University. • 中國:中國醫科大學

  11. 教師人數 • 大部分生物化學課程皆由數位老師共同上課,在醫學院中尤其明顯,雖可顧及生物化學內容之多樣化,但有些時候課程便會顯得支離破碎。 • 這种現象改進的方式有二:(a) 一位老師最少教三至四章,使學生較易貫聯式的接受,(b) 教授生物化學教師需旁聽以便了解其他教師上課的內容及方式,可幫忙銜接上課。

  12. 教學Power-Point file • 比較各國不同生物化學教學:大致上類似 • 但美國之教師除教科書外,常會自己編上課教材(Syllabus),可能是語言使用較熟悉。

  13. 網路教學或教材 • 較易由一或二人編寫,因生物化學常由太多人共同上課,要協調較不易。目前國內外,大多是個人撰寫。 • 若使用教科書之圖,在網路上恐有侵權問題,相對而言,教師自行繪圖,在國內僅有少數教師具有此能力,除非學校給予相當支援。

  14. 教學投影片樣例(陽明)

  15. 教學投影片樣例(陽明)

  16. 教學投影片樣例(陽明) 上課時也會加入新內容

  17. 教學投影片樣例(以另一位老師而言,則也用中文來幫助說明)教學投影片樣例(以另一位老師而言,則也用中文來幫助說明)

  18. 教學投影片樣例(也有老師加入一些卡通圖)

  19. 教學投影片樣例(Ohio State University)

  20. 教學投影片樣例(Ohio State University)

  21. 教學投影片樣例(中國醫科大學)

  22. 教學投影片樣例(中國醫科大學)

  23. 教學投影片樣例(中國醫科大學)

  24. 教學投影片樣例(中國醫科大學) 其課程設計也有注重實用性

  25. 教學投影片樣例(中國醫科大學)

  26. 教學投影片樣例(中國醫科大學)

  27. 教學投影片樣例(中國醫科大學) 其設汁在最後也有觀念複習

  28. 中外教學法的差異 • 結論:中外教學法其實大同小異,差異的是在個別教師使用的方法不同。

  29. 國外教學網頁-樣例 • http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/ • Recognized by Science Magazine in NetWatch columnScience vol. 291 pp. 559, Jan. 26, 2001 • Executive Member IU Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine • Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU School of Medicine

  30. 大陸教學網頁-樣例 • http://www.cmu.edu.cn/curriculum/coursehome.asp?courseid=51221634精品課程平台-生物化學 • 中國醫科大學生物化學與分子生物學教研室承擔著全校“生物化學”課程的理論課教學和實驗課教學,其層次包括本科生、七年制、國際英文醫學班、臨床醫藥學院、成人教育和網絡學院。

  31. 台灣教學網頁-樣例 • http://juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/ • 台大生命科學院莊榮輝教授

  32. 教學法的研究 • BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION • A journal published by American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology • http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112782101/home • 也有生命科學教育含細胞生物學的雜誌 • Cell Biology Education • A Journal published by American Society of Cell Biology • http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?journal=97&action=archive • http://www.cellbioed.org/

  33. 傳統教學法改進研究 (1) • 使用類比教學法 • 由於生物化學含有一些抽象觀念,教師有時會用一些類比(analogies)的方式幫忙學生理解,也有一些老師擔心如此的類比破壞學生的正確觀念。

  34. 例子 • The instructor of the 100-level class compared the cooperative binding of oxygen gas to hemoglobin to tearing a stamp out of a 2 X 2 pane of four stamps. To remove the first stamp, two perforations must be torn; successive stamps are easier to remove because fewer perforations must be torn, just as the binding of each successive oxygen molecule to hemoglobin requires less energy than that of the previous molecule

  35. 比喻 • 比喻(analogies)可以是強有力的教學工具,因為他們可以將抽象物質可理解,通過對學生比較已經是熟悉的材料。 在這項研究,我們採訪43名學生他們在他們的生化課使用比喻去學會生化的確定具體方式。 我們發現學生在他們的生化課使用各種各樣獨特的比喻方式使用比喻促進瞭解,形象化、回憶和增加學習動機。

  36. 學生使用類比的時機

  37. 教師須注意學生使用比喻之時機 • 教師希望使用類比之目的: 幫助他們的學生利用比喻建立他們需要瞭解的生物化學的概念和背景知識之間的聯繫。 • 然而,學生對比喻的的用途與他們的教師為使用比喻的目的沒有很好的關聯。 • BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION • Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 244–254, 2007

  38. 傳統教學法改進研究 (2) • 教學輔助技巧:black-board, power-point, slide-projection之評估 • 這項研究的目標將調查學生首選的的生化學科教學的技術,例如傳統黑板、power-point或者滑投射。由巴西數所州立大學在生物醫學和醫學系學生作為研究對象,其結果相當有趣,多數學生、從生物醫學和從醫學路線419位139位大學生,首選傳統黑板教學比較起滑投射或者power-point類。 • BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION • Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 263–266, 2007

  39. 傳統教學法改進研究 (3) • 使用個例研究(A Case-Problem Study) 的學生,相對沒有使用個例研究,學生顯著更加巨大的學習的獲取,并且展示對高次想法的技能的用途。 初步數據表明在與個例研究銜接以後,與沒有使用個例研究的學生比較,學生更可能恰當地回答關於有氧呼吸作用問題。 • BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION • Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 181–186, 2007

  40. 教學個案 • Aerobic cellular respiration is typically regarded as a difficult topic for students to learn and for instructors to teach since it is a complex biological process that involves integrating multiple concepts. The case study entitled ‘‘The Mystery of the Toxic Flea Dip’’ was created in an interrupted case study format as one approach for students to learn the process of aerobic cellular respiration. The case is based on actual events in which a 4-year-old girl died from rotenone poisoning after washing her dog with flea dip.

  41. 傳統教學法改進研究 (4) • 傳統教學的樂趣 • In one of the courses I teach, I give lectures about half of the time. Despite my commitment to problem-based learning (PBL)1 and other student-centered constructivist teaching strategies, I must confess that I still enjoy lecturing. • However, my many years of experience with PBL have made me a much more reflective lecturer. When I do lecture in class, I have a heightened awareness of what I am doing, why I am doing it, and how it might impact student learning. I also read closely the nonverbal cues of student boredom and confusion and try to adjust accordingly.

  42. 傳統教學法 • Problem-based-Learning 或其他 Active learning 可幫助學生參予學習過程,也可幫助老師了解學生如何學習。但同時間,老師可根據自己專長喜好及學生類型進行Lecture-based or PBL-based teaching.

  43. 主動學習法 (1) Cooperative learning • Cooperative learning • 國外的研究對此都有相當正面的評價 • 所有課程包含了三部分:宗旨、方法和發展和對題目的評估。這新的方法開發與學習 隊工作 (team work)、責任 (responsibility)和表達能力(communication)。 二或三學生形成小組依照老師的指示合作地工作,老師先用短週期演講那的澄清容易被誤會的概念。 家庭作業減到了最小。 在這聯合的方法學與傳統(純演講)做一個比較,學生表示對新的方法的更高的滿意。 他們在學習進程更介入了并且對主題有更好的態度。 對這新的方法學,在學生的平均學術比分的顯著地增加。

  44. 主動學習法 (1) • 但在實行此方法時,有時學生對某部份課程,會因某組學生未認真盡責,而有學習較空洞之問題。教師應注意此類問題。 • Cooperative Learning Combined with Short Periods of Lecturing • A GOOD ALTERNATIVE IN TEACHING BIOCHEMISTRY • BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION • Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 34–38, 2008

  45. 主動學習法 (2) Process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) • An NSF-funded project, is a widely used active learning approach that was pioneered in chemistry. POGIL involves creating a learning environment in which students actively engage in mastering a discipline and in developing essential skills by working in self-managed teams on guided inquiry activities (www.pogil.org). • Thus POGIL promotes learning of course content, while simultaneously developing in students important process skills including information processing, critical thinking, problem solving, teamwork, and communication. Published POGIL materials are available for general, organic, • physical chemistry, and GOB (general, organic, and biochemistry) courses. The effectiveness of POGIL in general chemistry has been previously described. • The complete activity described may be found at the POGIL website (www.pogil.org).

  46. 主動學習法 (2) Process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) • Our activities include three components for each class day: a pre-activity assignment, a classroom activity, and a post-activity skill exercise. Taken together, this structure follows the learning cycle and guides students to develop and apply fundamental biochemical concepts. To understand the function of each component of our guided inquiry activities, consider the enzyme catalysis activity, which has four learning outcomes: • 1. Apply your understanding of intermolecular forces to rate enhancement. • 2. Explain general acid–base catalyzed reactions and apply to enzyme-catalyzed reactions. • 3. Generalize your understanding of rate enhancement of an acid/base catalyzed reaction to other • types of enzyme-mediated catalysis. • 4. Integrate your understanding of rate enhancement and rate determining step in DG versus reaction coordinate diagrams. The pre-activity assignment includes outlining the reading; students are required to generate notes and two quality questions. A quality question is one in which the • student attempts to connect the new material with prior knowledge.

  47. Seattle University 實例 • Biochemistry courses at Seattle University have been taught exclusively using process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) without any traditional lecture component since 1997. In these courses, studentsparticipate in a structured learning environment, which includes a preparatory assignment, an in-class activity, and a follow-up skill exercise. At the end of this course, most students report feeling confident in their knowledge of biochemistry and report substantial gains in independence, critical thinking, and respect for others. • Lecture-free Biochemistry • A PROCESS ORIENTED GUIDED INQUIRY APPROACH • BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION • Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 172–180, 2007

  48. Enzyme Inhibition—Assignment • Read over the sections in your book about enzyme inhibition. • For the equations that describe enzyme inhibition, write equations for KMapp and Vmaxapp in terms of KM, Vmax, [I], and Ki. • Write a brief statement explaining why scientists conduct inhibition studies. What knowledge do we gain from them?

  49. In-Class Activity

  50. In-Class Activity

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