Abnormal Behavior Pertemuan 22

1. Matakuliah : L0014/Psikologi Umum Tahun : 2007 Abnormal BehaviorPertemuan 22

2. Definition of Abnormal Behavior (1) • Actions, thoughts and feelings that are harmful to the person or to others • Harmful : • Experiencing discomfort feeling (as in feeling anxious or depressed) • Not being able to function in a job • Not being able to relate to people well enough to have enduring friendship or family relationship • Having physical health problems that result from abnormal behavior • The definition of abnormality requires subjective judgment • It must be decide whether an individual’s problems are severe enough to be considered “harmful” • Subjectivity – the decision reflects the value of the person making the determination and values differ greatly from one culture to another

3. Definition of Abnormal Behavior (2) Psychologist have been unable to agree on how abnormal behavior differs from normal behavior ? • Continuity hypothesis • The view that abnormal behavior is just a more severe form of normal psychological problems • Discontinuity hypothesis • The view that abnormal behavior is fundamentally different from normal psychological problems

4. Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior • Supernatural Theories • Biological Theories • Psychological Theories

5. Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior The DSM IV • DSM : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders • Definitions & terminology of the American Psychiatric Association • DSM IV = version 4. • Multi-axial system : the mental health professional can give more than one diagnosis and provide additional relevant information • The 5 axes of DSM IV • Clinical Disorders • Personality Disorders and mental retardation • General medical conditions • Psychosocial and environmental problems • Global assessment of funtioning

6. The problem of Stigma • We have very negative perceptions of people with such problems • People with mental health problems make us uncomfortable and frightened, dangerous and trustworthy • Consequences of stigma : • Make mental problems worse • Prevent persons with mental health problems from seeking help • The best solution for stigma is education

7. The Concept of Insanity • A legal definition concerning a person’s inability to tell right from wrong, ability to understand the trial proceedings or whether the person is a direct danger to self or others • 3 different legal meanings : • Not guilty by reason of insanity • Competence to stand trial • Involuntary commitment

8. Abnormal Behavior

10. Anxiety DisordersPsychological Disorders that involve excessive levels of negative emotions, such as nervousness, tension, worry, fright, and anxiety

11. PHOBIAS Phobia is an intense, irrational fear • 3 types of phobias : • Specific phobia a phobic fear of one relatively specific thing • Social phobia a phobic fear of social interaction, particularly those with strangers and those in which the person might be viewed negatively • Agoraphobia an intense fear of leaving one’s home or other familiar places

12. Generalized Anxiety Disorder An uneasy sense of general tension and apprehension for no apparent reason that makes the individual highly uncomfortable because of its prolonged presence Panic Anxiety Disorder A pattern of anxiety in which long periods of calm are broken by an intensely uncomfortable attack of anxiety Obsessive – Compulsive Disorders Disorder that involve obsessions (anxiety – provoking thoughts that will not go away) and/or compulsions (irritable urges to engage in specific irrational behaviors)

13. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) The condition caused by extremely stressful experiences in which the person later experiences anxiety and irritability; has upsetting memories, dreams, and realistic flashbacks of the experience; and tries to avoid anything that reminds him or her of the experience PTSD in person who experienced highly stressful events is defined as following : • Recollections of stressful event that intrude into their walking consciousness and fill in their dreams with horror. At times, the person feels and acts as if the stressful event was happening again • Intense emotional and autonomic reactions to stimuli that remind them of the event • An avoidance of stimuli associated with the event • Feeling numbed to the ordinary emotions and pleasures of life • Difficulty sleeping, hyper arousal, irritability and difficulty concentrating 4 factors that determines who develops PTSD following stress : • Severity of stress • Characteristic of the person before traumatic event • Social Support • Sex of the victim

14. Somatoform DisordersDisorders in which the individual experiences the symptoms of physical health problems that have psychological rather than physical causes

15. Somatization Disorders Intensely and Chronically uncomfortable psychological conditions that involve numerous symptoms of somatic (body) illnesses without physical cause Hypochondiasis A mild form of somatization disorder characterized by excessive concern about one’s health Conversion Disorders Somatoform disorders in which individuals experience serious somatic symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness,and paralysis Somatoform pain Disorders In which individual experiences a relatively specific and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical cause

16. Dissociative DisordersA category of conditions involving sudden cognitive changes, such as sudden loss of memory or loss of one’s identity

17. Broad category of loosely related conditions • Four kinds • Depersonalization – distorted, unreal feelings the perceptual experience of one’s body or surroundings becoming distorted or unreal in someway • Dissociative amnesia – psychological cause involves a loss of memory that has a psychological rather than a physical cause • Dissociative fugue – complete loss of memory a period of “wandering” that involves a loss of memory and a change in identity • Dissociative identity disorder – once known as multiple personality disorder; very controversial issue the individual appears to shift abruptly and repeatedly from one “personality” to another

18. Mood DisordersPsychological disorders involving depression and /or abnormal elation

19. Two forms • Major Depression • Major depression - episodic disorder, quite common, often mild but takes its toll • Rare to have psychotic distortion of reality • Bipolar disorder (depression and mania) • Caused by high levels of anxiety; genetic influences • Cognitive factors – negative views of self • Bipolar Disorder • Alternating irregular periods of severe depression and mania • Mania – mood disturbance in which person experiences a high, intense euphoria • High self-esteem, unrealistic optimism • Psychotic distortion during episodes; damaging or extreme behavior • Occurs in multiple episodes; cause unknown

20. Human Diversity • Ethnic and gender differences in depression and suicide • Women more at risk for depression • Depressed persons more at risk for suicide • American Indians have highest rate of suicide • African Americans have lowest rate and Hispanic groups have second lowest rate (rates vary among Hispanic subgroups) • White women have highest rate of females

21. Personality Disorders

22. Abnormal Behavior Schizophrenia • Uncommon disorder affecting more men than women • Can appear gradually or with sudden break • Characterized by 3 types of serious problems • Delusions and hallucinations • Disorganized thinking, emotions, behavior • Reduced enjoyment and interests • Causes: genetic and environment

23. Abnormal Behavior Schizophrenia • A psychological disorder involving cognitive disturbance (delusions and hallucinations), disorganization and reduced enjoyment and interests • Subtypes • Paranoid schizophrenia • False beliefs, delusions (grandeur, paranoia, persecution), hallucinations • Disorganized schizophrenia • Delusions, hallucinations, cognitive processes highly disorganized or fragmented • Extreme social withdrawal

24. Abnormal Behavior Schizophrenia • Subtypes • Catatonic schizophrenia • May have delusions and hallucinations; most abnormalities in social interaction, body posture and movement (waxy flexibility in stupors)

25. Abnormal Behavior Delusional Disorder • Characterized by paranoid delusions of grandeur and persecution • Dangerous because of believability of delusions • Reverand Jim Jones and Jonestown deaths • David Koresh and Waco (TX) deaths

26. Abnormal Behavior Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Does not listen • Dislikes/avoids focused tasks • Often forgetful • Disorganized • Inattention symptoms • Cannot focus • Fails to see details • Careless mistakes • Highly distractible • Incomplete tasks • Often loses items

27. Abnormal Behavior Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Often on-the-go; driven like a motor • Talks excessively • Blurts out answers before question is finished • Can’t wait for turn • Hyperactivity-impulsivity • Often fidgets or squirms when seated • Often leaves seat when should remain seated • Runs/climbs excessively • Difficulty engaging in play/leisure quietly • Often interrupts/intrudes

28. Abnormal Behavior Personality Disorders • Schizoid personality disorder • Blunted emotions, social withdrawal, but no serious cognitive disturbances • Antisocial personality disorder • Feel little guilt, exploit others, frequent violation of social rules and laws • Difficulty with personal relationships • Low tolerance for frustration, lie easily/skillfully

29. Abnormal Behavior Other Personality Disorders Schizotypal personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder