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Closing of the Frontier

Closing of the Frontier. Ariel Chen Jess Huang YuJin Yang Kevin Winoto. Conquering the Final Frontier. The federal government wanted to develop the vast tracts of land to the west They needed to lure in settlers

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Closing of the Frontier

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  1. Closing of the Frontier Ariel Chen Jess Huang YuJin Yang Kevin Winoto

  2. Conquering the Final Frontier • The federal government wanted to develop the vast tracts of land to the west • They needed to lure in settlers • In 1862, Lincoln signed into law the Homestead Act, which gave 160 acres of land to any adult who had never rebelled • If they reside on it for five years and showed they made improvements to the land, they would claim it as theirs.

  3. Conquering the Final Frontier • There were many more laws enacted after the Homestead Act of 1862; they all drove people to close the frontier • For example, in 1889, parts of Oklahoma previously settled by the Native Americans were announced to be opening, and many “sooners” tried to sneak in for early land prospecting.

  4. Developing the Frontier • There was a population boom in the frontier states in the 1870s and 1880s • Many farms, mining towns, and cattle ranches sprung up • Eventually, after a period of people rushing in to settle, entrepreneurs would arrive to provide G&S, erecting institutions that would turn a minor settlement into a fledgling, growing town.

  5. Closing the Final Frontier • In 1890, the Census Bureau announced the end of the frontier Map of the US, 1890

  6. Chief Joseph • Born on March 3, 1840, in Wallowa Valley, Oregon Territory • The leader of the Nez Perce Indians • Discovery of gold • Made many attempts to make peace  • embarked on a 1,400-mile march toward Canada reached the Bear Paw Mountains of Montana • fought many battles before finally getting captured and being forced to live on a reservation

  7. Dawes Act • Sponsored by Congressman Henry Dawes of Massachusetts • Also known as the General Allotment Act • It was passed by the U.S congress in 1877 • Enabled the President to break up reservation land into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals • Purpose: • 1) encourage the breakup of the tribes • 2) promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society • 3) create independent farmers out of Indians  land and the tools

  8. Red River War (1874-1875) • Last major conflict between the U.S. Army and the southern Plains Indian • Causes: • 1) The destruction of the buffalo herds • 2) The Medicine Lodge Treaty • The main purposes: • 1) To remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indian tribes from the Southern Plains • 2) To force their relocation to reservations in Indian Territory • Outcomes: • 1) end of an entire way of life for the Southern Plains tribes • 2) The Indians were defeated

  9. Battle of Little Bighorn of 1876 • Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes against the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army • Remarkable victory for the Indian tribes • Main causes: • 1) The threat of forced relocation to Indian reservations • 2) Discovery of gold • 3) Black Hills • Outcomes: • 1) The nomadic hunter lifestyle of the Plains Indians was lost forever • 2) led to increased intolerance of the Native Indians • 3) Led to the determination to place the Native Indians on a reservation in order to civilize them

  10. Reservation • A set of land that was set apart by the government for a certain purpose or for a certain group of people such as Native Americans • Easier to "civilize the savages." • American Indians kept their citizenship in their sovereign tribes • Encouraged the Indians to live within clearly defined zones • The U.S. promised to provide materials and to protect them from attack by other tribes and white settlers • However, this reservation system forced the Indians to live in a confined space with little opportunity for nomadic hunting

  11. Sand Creek Massacre • In 1864, the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians in the South are massacred by a band of Colorado volunteers, led by John Chivington, at Sand Creek, Colorado • The Natives were forced into reservations and annuity payments  unable to sustain the tribes • On November 29, Chivington and his troops attacked the Native Americans and hunted them down

  12. Sitting Bull • Belonged to the Hunkpapa band, one of the seven Lakota Sioux groups • Led the Battle of the Little Big Horn  defeated General George Custer • US government felt embarrassed  swore revenge  escaped to Canada • Joined the Ghost Dance

  13. Wounded Knee • The Ghost Dance – a phenomenon that if practitioners preached the rituals would banish white settlers and restore the buffalo to the Plains • On December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull was killed • December 29, 1890, the US Army attacked the Lakota Indians near the Wounded Knee Creek • Nearly 300 of the original 350 Indians were killed

  14. Exodusters • Southern African American settlers who moved west, from post-Reconstruction South to Kansas, with the help of Benjamin Singleton • Moved because reconstruction was failing and afraid of the Klu Klux Klan

  15. Mining • Gold Mining • Coal Mining

  16. Morrill Land Grant Act • Justin Morrill • Abraham Lincoln • Improved Education • Colleges

  17. Pacific Railway Acts • Signed by Abraham Lincoln, allowed the construction of the first transcontinental railway line joining the east and west coast of America.

  18. Transcontinental Railroad • Formed because of the Pacific Railway Acts • Connected east coast of America to west coast

  19. William F. Cody • Buffalo Bill • Army • Wild West

  20. Sources • http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=50# • http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/dawes-act.html • http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/stories/0601_0200.html • http://www.biography.com/people/chief-joseph-9358227 • http://www.indians.org/articles/chief-joseph.html • http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/custer.htm • http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-littlebighorn.html • http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/stories/0701_0142.html • http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/the-indian-wars/battle-of-bighorn.htm • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_were_the_Exodusters#slide2 • http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/-sand-creek-massacre

  21. Sources • http://www.besthistorysites.net/index.php/american-history/1800/gilded-age • http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/gildedage/ • http://quizlet.com/19204660/apush-unit-7-the-guilded-age-flash-cards/ • http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Morrill.html • http://www3.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/morrill.html • http://chronicle.com/article/article-content/132877/ • http://congress.indiana.edu/morrill-land-grant-college-act • http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/437745/Pacific-Railway-Acts • http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pacific+Railroad+Act • http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=32 • http://www.history.com/topics/transcontinental-railroad • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill • http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/buffalobill.htm • http://www.biography.com/people/buffalo-bill-cody-9252268

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