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A Short History of Socio-Legal Thinking

A Short History of Socio-Legal Thinking. Introduction Yhteiskuntateorioiden oikeus 31 March 2011. Osaava juristi (I). ON:n tutkinnon oppimistavoitteita ovat: Oikeusjärjestelmän hyvä tuntemus Kyky hankkia tietoa eri oikeuslähteistä

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A Short History of Socio-Legal Thinking

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  1. A Short History ofSocio-Legal Thinking Introduction Yhteiskuntateorioiden oikeus 31 March 2011 Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  2. Osaava juristi (I) ON:n tutkinnon oppimistavoitteita ovat: • Oikeusjärjestelmän hyvä tuntemus • Kyky hankkia tietoa eri oikeuslähteistä • Kyky tunnistaa ja ratkaista oikeudellisia ongelmia soveltamalla erilaisia oikeuslähteitä • Ammatissa tarvittava molempien kotimaisten sekä yhden vieraan kielen taito • Kyky käyttää hyvää oikeuskieltä kirjallisesti ja suullisesti • Valmiudet toimia työyhteisön jäsenenä Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  3. Osaava juristi (II) OTM:n tutkinnon oppimistavoitteita ovat lisäksi: • Kyky toimia asiantuntijana vaativissa ja monipuolisissa juristin tehtävissä • Valmiudet toimia itsenäisesti tehtävissä, jotka edellyttävät eri oikeudenalojen kysymysten tunnistamista ja ratkaisemista • Valmiudet monipuoliseen oikeudelliseen argumentointiin ja viestintään • Valmiudet koordinoida juridisia hankkeita • Valmiudet toimia kansainvälisissä tehtävissä (to be continued) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  4. Osaava juristi (III) • Valmiudet oikeudellisen tiedon tuottamiseen sekä jatko-opintoihin ja tutkimuksen tekemiseen • Korkea ammattietiikka • Kyky arvioida oikeusnormien ja ratkaisujen yhteiskunnallisia, inhimillisiä sekä taloudellisia vaikutuksia sekä niihin liittyviä arvoja ja intressejä. Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  5. Three Generations ofSocio-Legal Thinking Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  6. Three Generations ofSocio-Legal Thinking (I) • First generation: Historicism • Second generation: Realism • Third generation: Constructivism Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  7. Three Generations ofSocio-Legal Thinking (II) • First generation: “original unity of legal and social theory“ • Second generation: “loss of law in social theory” • Third generation: “rediscovery of law in social theory” (Gephart 1993, 5-7) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  8. The Social Scientific Field (I) Sociology Jurisprudence Economics Integrated, holistic, historicist Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  9. The Social Scientific Field (II) Sociology Economics Jurisprudence Differentiated, specialized, positivistic Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  10. The Social Scientific Field (III) Sociology Jurisprudence Self-reflexive, relativistic, constructivist Economics Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  11. Relating Law and Society Society Law Society Law Law Society ”Law in” Approaches  Historicism ”Law and” Approaches  Realism ”Law as” Approaches  Constructivism Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  12. Tönnies 1855-1936 Timeline Historicism 1800 1900 Jurisprudence Economics Sociology Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  13. The Birth of Sociology out ofthe Spirit of Jurisprudence • “It is the inevitable fate of all sociology that it must very often use rigorous legal expressions (rigorous because based on the logical interpretation of norms) for the investigation of the actual action, which is in continual transition between the ‘typical’ cases of action, in order, then, to substitute its own meaning for the essentially different legal meaning.” (Weber 1913, 159) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  14. Holmes 1841-1935 Llewellyn 1893-1962 Timeline Realism Pound 1870-1964 1900 2000 Legal Positivism Law and Economics Posner born 1939 Legal Realism Friedman born 1930 Law and Society Social Theory Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  15. Law as an Intellectual Stepchild • “After the brilliant start by Durkheim and Max Weber about the turn of the century, it is something of a mystery why the social sciences and particularly, perhaps, sociology have shown so little interest in the study of law and legal systems.” (Parsons 1977, 11) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  16. Bauman born 1925 Timeline Post-Realism Berger born 1929 Foucault 1926-1984 1900 2000 Legal Positivism Legal Realism Luhmann 1927-1998 Bourdieu 1930-2002 Nozick 1938-2002 Luckmann born 1927 Social Theory Giddens born 1938 Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  17. Yhteiskuntateorioiden oikeus • Introduction to 31.3., 12-14 • Giddens pe 1.4., 12-14 • Nozick ma 4.4., 12-14 • Luhmann ke 6.4., 12-14 • Bauman to 7.4., 12-14 • Berger/Luckmann pe 8.4., 12-14 • Bourdieu ma 11.4., 14-16 • Foucault ke 13.4., 14-16 • Exams 15./28.4., 14:00 Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  18. Socio-Legal Thinkingin the First Generation Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  19. Historical School of Law • Germany: Friedrich Karl von Savigny (1779-1861) • United Kingdom: Henry James Sumner Maine (1822-1888) • United States: James Coolidge Carter (1837-1905) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  20. Historical School of Economics • Germany: Wilhelm Roscher (1817-1894) Gustav von Schmoller (1838-1917)] • United States: John Rogers Commons (1862-1945) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  21. Classical Historical Sociology • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) • Max Weber (1864-1920) • Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  22. Marx’s Approach (I) • “The hitherto existing production relations of individuals are bound also to be expressed as political and legal relations. [...] Within the division of labour these relations are bound to acquire an independent existence over against the individuals. All relations can be expressed in language only in the form of concepts.” (to be continued) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  23. Marx’s Approach (II) • “[T]hese general ideas are further elaborated and given a special significance by politicians and lawyers, who, as a result of the division of labour, are dependent on the cult of these concepts, and who see in them, and not in the relations of production, the true basis of all real property relations.” (Marx 1845) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  24. Marx’s Approach (III) Ideology Legal and political superstructure Economic and Legal Concepts Freedom, Equality, Property Definite forms of social consciousness Idealism Materialism Economic structure Economic and Legal Realities Power, Inequality, Exploitation Definite relations of production Material forces of production Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  25. Durkheim’s Approach (I) • “It is in the very intestines of society that the law develops, and the legislator only consecrates the work already done without him. It is thus necessary to teach the student how the law forms under the pressure of social needs, how it solidifies little by little, which degrees of crystallization it goes through successively, how it transforms.” (Durkheim 1888, 23) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  26. Durkheim’s Approach (II) • ”[S]ocial solidarity is an entirely moral phenomenon which in itself does not yield to precise observation or, above all, to any measurement. To arrive at this classification and this comparison, we must substitute for the inward fact that escapes us, an exterior fact that stands as a symbol for it, and study the first by the second. This visible symbol is the law.” (Durkheim 1893, 54) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  27. Durkheim’s Approach (III) (Durkheim 1893) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  28. Weber’s Approach (I) • “The ideal ‘legal order’ of legal theory has nothing directly to do with the world of real economic conduct, since both exist on different levels. One exists in the realm of the ‘ought’, while the other deals with the world of the ‘is’. If it is nevertheless said that the economic and the legal order are intimately related to one another, then the latter is understood, not in the legal, but in the sociological sense, i.e., as being empirically valid.” (Weber 1978 [1922], 312; original emphasis) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  29. Weber’s Approach (II) • “‘Law’, as understood by us, is simply an ‘order’ endowed with certain specific guarantees of the probability of its empirical validity. The term ‘guaranteed law’ shall be understood to mean that there exists a ‘coercive apparatus’ [...], that is, that there are one or more persons whose special task it is to hold themselves ready to apply specially provided means of coercion (legal coercion) for the purpose of norm enforcement.” (Weber 1978 [1922], 313) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  30. Weber’s Approach (III) (Weber 1978 [1922]) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  31. Socio-Legal Thinkingin the Second Generation Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  32. Scientific Positivism • “Scientific positivists believe that social phenomena can and should be studied through application of the objectivistic methodology of the natural sciences, with its emphasis on observation, measurement, data gathering and quantification. Pursuant to positivism, the goals of scientific enquiry are to produce explanations based upon the formulation of causal laws.” (Tamanaha 1995, 511) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  33. Legal Positivism • “The law [...] is treated as a sealed system which can be studied through methods unique to the ‘science of the law’, and legal developments can be interpreted, critiqued, and validated by reference to the internal logic of this sealed system. [...] [This] approach to the study of law [...] was positivist in orientation, in that the law was seen to consist of data -- primarily legal rules derived from legislation or cases -- that could be recognized and observed without speculating about what lies behind those rules.” (Vick 2004, 178-180) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  34. Legal Realism • “Realism [...] was deeply ‘positivistic’, in the sense that it viewed natural science as the paradigm of all genuine knowledge, and thought all other disciplines [...] should emulate the methods of natural science. Chief among the latter was the method of empirical testing: hypotheses had to be tested against observations of the world. Thus, the Realists frequently claimed that existing articulations of the ‘law’ were not, in fact, ‘confirmed’ by actual observation of what the courts were really doing.” (Leiter 2002, 2; original emphasis) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  35. Between Positivism and Realism • Scientific Positivism  empiricism  behaviourism, structuralism/functionalism • Legal Positivism  formalism  textualism, doctrinalism/dogmatism • Legal Realism  behaviour of legal actors/institutions Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  36. Realism and its Legacy • American Legal Realism e.g. Karl Llewellyn (1893-1962) • Law and Society Movement e.g. Lawrence M. Friedman (born 1930) • Law and Economics Movement e.g. Richard A. Posner (born 1939) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  37. Law and Society vs.Law and Economics • “In their break with the mainstream doctrinal study of law, law and society and law and economics share a number of features. [...] Both embrace a ‘scientific outlook’ that posits a knowable world out there beyond the text [...]. [...] Both seek to explain legal realities. Both are consequentalist: the meaning of law resides in its effects on human well-being (variously conceived) rather than in its formal characteristics.” (Galanter and Edwards 1997, 377; original emphasis) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  38. Law and Society (I) • “Two trends [...] reflect the guiding role modern American sociology has played in [...] this field. [...] [T]he first of these trends involves taking research on law outward and downward through the surrounding social structure, away from the rarefied legal environments that often characterize ‘law at the top’. The second related trend has facilitated the unraveling of the first through the development of data, often in primary form and from the bottom of the social structure up, on [...] ‘the behaviour of law’.” (to be continued) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  39. Law and Society (II) • “Both trends have led law and society researchers to draw heavily on sociological conceptualization and measurement, especially for the skills needed to develop qualitative and quantitative sources of primary data and grounded theory. Most of the resulting work is quite different in substance and style from traditional legal scholarship based on higher courts, case law, lawbooks, and law library materials.” (Hagan 1988, 648) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  40. Law and Economics (I) • “[L]aw and economics should not be considered a direct descendant of American legal realism. While it shares with that movement the view that for a better understanding of law one must rely on the social sciences and on empirical study, practitioners of law and economics are much more precise than were the realists about where to borrow -- from economics [...] -- and about the agenda for empirical research flowing from that position.” (Mackaay 2000, 73-74; citing Duxbury 1995, 379 and 417) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  41. Law and Economics (II) • “The economic analysis of law, or law and economics, may be defined as ‘the application of economic theory and econometric methods to examine the formation, structure, processes and impact of law and legal institutions’. It explicitly considers legal institutions not as given outside the economic system but as variables within it, and looks at the effects of changing one or more of them upon other elements of the system.” (Mackaay 2000, 65; citing Rowley 1989, 125) Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  42. Socio-Legal Thinking in the Third Generation Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  43. Historicism, Realism, ???-ism (I) • Historicism Grand theories about the foundations of modernity Including visions of a positive science of morality • Realism Middle-range theories about specific social aspects Between scientific analysis and social engineering  Crisis of modern society and of modern science Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  44. Historicism, Realism, ???-ism (II) Third generation thinking, or ‘what comes after’: • Post-Realism ‘After’ scientific knowledge and social engineering Post-modern, post-structuralist post-national law • Constructivism Law as a social and scientific construction Constructed in the life world and in academia Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  45. The Cognitive Turn • From ontological knowledge (what?) about an objective reality out there… • …to epistemological insights (how?) into its intersubjective construction Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

  46. Relating Law and Society, Again Legal Theory Social Theory Society Law Legal construction of society  hidden social theory Social construction of law  hidden legal theory Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs

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