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Postwar Uncertainty

Chapter 15, Section 1. Postwar Uncertainty. Societies undergo political, economic, and social changes that lead to renewed aggression…. I CAN. Explain how the end of WWI led to deep & permanent changes in the human spirit. . A New Revolution in Science.

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Postwar Uncertainty

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  1. Chapter 15, Section 1 Postwar Uncertainty Societies undergo political, economic, and social changes that lead to renewed aggression…

  2. I CAN • Explain how the end of WWI led to deep & permanent changes in the human spirit.

  3. A New Revolution in Science • Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity • AlbertEinstein—offered radically new ideas in the field of physics • Theoryof Relativity—idea that space & time are not constant • New ideas make world seem more uncertain than before • Influence of Freudian Psychology • SigmundFreud—Austrian doctor with new ideas about the mind • Claims that human behavior is not based on reason

  4. Literature in the 1920s:THE LOST GENERATION • Impact of the War • Suffering caused by WWI leads many to doubt old beliefs • Writers reflect society’s concerns • Thinkers React to Uncertain Times • Philosophy of existentialism—no universal meaning of life • Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to ancient heroic values

  5. Revolution in the Arts • Artists Rebel Against Tradition • Artists want to depict inner world of mind • Cubism transforms natural shapes into geometric forms • Surrealism—art movement that links dreams with real life • Composers Try New Styles • Composers move away from traditional styles • Jazz—musical style that captures age’s new freedom Georges Braque, Woman with a Guitar, 1913. Musée National d'ArtModerne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. An early example of Synthetic Cubism.

  6. Society Challenges Convention • Women’s Roles Change • Women take on new roles during WWI • This work helps many win the right to vote • In the 1920s, women adopt freer clothing, hairstyles, careers

  7. Technological Advances Improve Life • Automobile Alters Society • Cars improve after the war; become less expensive • Lifestyles change • Airplanes Transform Travel • Charles Lindbergh is first to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean

  8. Technological Advances Improve Life • Radio & Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment (1920s) • Commercial radio stations spread across the USA • Motion pictures become major industry, art form

  9. Summarize • 3-5 sentences hitting the highlights of the changes in life after WWI.

  10. An economic depression in the USA spreads throughout the world and lasts for a decade A Worldwide DepressionCh. 15, Section 2

  11. I CAN… • Understand and describe the causes & responses to the Great Depression.

  12. Postwar Europe (DO NOT COPY) • Unstable New Democracies • Fall of kingdoms, empires creates new democracies in Europe • People have little experience with representative democracy • Some form coalition governments-temporary, multi-party alliances • Frequent changes in government create instability

  13. The Weimar Republic • Democracy in Germany • Weimar Republic—Germany’s democratic government formed in 1919 • Government had serious weaknesses: high inflation, too many political parties that would not work together and inexperience in democracy • Attempts at Economic Stability • American loans help revive German economy

  14. The Weimar Republic • Efforts at a Lasting Peace • Germany and France sign treaty pledging no more war • Many nations sign a similar agreement, the Kellogg-Briand pact

  15. Financial Collapse • A Flawed U.S. Economy • Weaknesses in American economy cause serious problems • Wealth is distributed unevenly • Most people are too poor to buy goods produced • Factory owners cut back on production, lay off workers • Farmers produce more food than people can eat • Many farmers cannot repay loans & lose their land

  16. The Great Depression • Economic Downturn • Great Depression—long business slump of 1930s • Marked by bank failures, loss of savings, unemployment • A Global Depression • USA’s economic problems create problems in other countries • World trade falls sharply

  17. The World Confronts the Crisis • Britain Takes Steps to Improve its Economy • British voters elect coalition government, avoids political extremes • Government brings about slow, steady economic recovery • Preserves democracy by avoiding political extremes

  18. The World Confronts the Crisis • Socialist Government Find Solutions • Public works programs help Scandinavian countries recover • Recovery in the USA • Franklin D. Roosevelt—American president during the Great Depression • New Deal—Roosevelt’s program of government reform to improve economy

  19. Not Everyone Keeps Democracy • Some nations turn to political extremes to solve problems (ie Italy, Spain & Germany)

  20. 15.3 In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy & Germany turn to totalitarian dictators Fascism Rises in Europe

  21. Fascism Rises in Europe In response to political turmoil & economic crises, Italy & Germany turn to totalitarian dictators

  22. Fascism’s Rise in Italy • New Political Movement • Fascism is new, militant political movement • Emphasizes nationalism & loyalty to authoritarian leader • Mussolini Takes Control • Italians want a leader who will take action • Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to rescue Italy • Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of government • Il Duce’s Leadership • Mussolini takes firm control of politics & economy in Italy

  23. Hitler Rises to Power in Germany • A New Power • Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in the 1920s Germany • The Rise of the Nazis • Nazism—German brand of Fascism • Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots to seize national power • Mein Kampf—Hitler’s book detailing beliefs, goals • Hitler believes that Germany needs lebensraum (living space) • Germans turn to Hitler when economy collapses

  24. Hitler Becomes Chancellor • Hitler’s New Power • Hitler is named Chancellor • Turns Germany into a totalitarian state • Uses brutal tactics to eliminate enemies • Nazis take command of economy • The Fuhrer is Supreme • Hitler takes control over every aspect of German life • Hitler Makes War on the Jews • Nazis deprive Jews of rights, promote violence against them

  25. Other Countries Fall to Dictators • World is Divided • Most eastern Europe falls to dictators • Only Czechoslovakia retains democratic government • World splits into 2 camps: democratic & totalitarian

  26. 15. 4 Topic: Years of Crisis:Aggressors Invade Nations As Germany, Italy & Japan conquer other countries, the rest of the world does nothing to stop them

  27. Aggressors Invade Nations • As Germany, Italy & Japan conquer other countries, the rest of the world does nothing to stop them

  28. Japan Seeks an Empire • Militarists Take Control of Japan • Military leaders take control of country • Want to solve economic problems through foreign expansion • Japan has investments in Manchuria, Chinese province • 1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria • L of N protests actions; Japan withdrawals from League

  29. Japan Seeks an Empire • 1937, Japan launches war on China

  30. European Aggressors on the March • Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia • L of N does not stop aggression • Hitler Defies Treaty of Versailles • 1935, Hitler begins rebuilding army (1st BIG defiance) • 1936, Germany occupies Rhineland • Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving in to aggression • Germany, Italy & Japan—the Axis Powers—form an alliance

  31. European Aggressors on the March • Civil War Erupts in Spain • 1931, a republic is declared in Spain • 1936, General Francisco Franco leads rebellion • Hitler & Mussolini help Franco & his fascists • 1939, Franco wins Spanish Civil War • Franco becomes Spain’s Fascist dictator

  32. Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace • USA Follows an Isolationist Policy • Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with other countries • 1935, Congress Passes Neutrality Act • The German Reich Expands • Hitler plans to expand Third Reich—German Empire • 1938, Hitler annexes Austria • Hitler demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia • Czechs refuse, ask France for help

  33. Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace • Britain & France Again Choose Appeasement • Leaders meet at Munich Conference (1938) to settle Czech crisis • Britain & France agree to let Hitler take Sudetenland • 1939, Hitler still takes rest of Czechoslovakia • Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of Poland

  34. Let the Games Begin! • Nazis & Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact • 1939, Stalin & Hitler pledge never to attack one another

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