Understanding Sentence Structure: Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Clauses

1. Sentence Structure Review Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-complex

2. What is a clause? • Must have a subject/verb combination • Two types of clauses • Independent Can stand by itself. • Makes a simple sentence if no other clause attached • May have many different phrases within the clause • Dependent • Cannot stand by itself • Must have at least one independent clause with it to make a sentence • Begins with either a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun

3. What is a clause? • Independent Clause • Can stand by itself. • Makes a simple sentence if no other clause attached • May have many different phrases within the clause • Dependent • Cannot stand by itself • Must have at least one independent clause with it to make a sentence • Begins with • Subordinating Conjunction • AAAWWUUBBIS • Relative pronoun • that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when

4. What is a phrase? • A small group of words typically forming a component of a clause. • It does not have either a noun or a verb • Noun Phrases • Appositives • Gerund • Infinitive Phrase • Verb Phrase • Adverbial Phrase • Usually a prepositional phrase • Adjectival Phrase • Participial Phrase • Prepositional Phrase

5. Simple sentence • One independent clause • May have compound subjects and verbs as well as multiple phrases • Examples: • I love simple sentences. • Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity, I love simple sentences. • Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity, I love to read simple sentences upon getting up and before going to bed.

6. Compound sentence CC ; • Two independent clauses connected by either a coordinating conjunction or a semi-colon • Coordinating conjunctions • FANBOYS • For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so • Remember that each independent clause can have multiple phrases or compound subjects/verbs • Sentence structure • Independent Clause, cc Independent Clause. • Note the comma before the coordinating conjunction • Independent Clause ; Independent Clause.

7. Complex sentences • Has both an independent clause and a dependent clause. • Does not matter where they appear for it to be complex • Difference matters in punctuation. • Dependent clause begins with • Subordinating conjunction • Although, After, As, While, When, Until, Unless, Because, Before, If, Since • Relative Pronoun • that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when

8. Complex sentences • Remember the bicycle and the baskets. • The dependent clause can be before, after or within the independent clause. • Examples • Before I went to school, I ate breakfast and got dressed. • Note when you begin with dependent clause, must have a comma before independent clause. • I ate breakfast and got dressed before I went to school. • Before I went to school cannot stand alone • I ate breakfast, that my mom made, and got dressed before I went to school. • That my mom made is a dependent clause which modifies breakfast. It cannot stand alone • NOTE: You can have more than one dependent clause in a sentence, but if there is only one independent clause, it is still complex.

9. Complex sentences • Independent clause subordinating conjunction dependent clause. • Dependent clause, subordinating conjunction dependent clause. • Independent subject, dependent clause beginning with a relative pronoun, independent predicate.

10. Compound-Complex sentences • Contains two or more independent clauses (compound sentence) plus at least one dependent clause (complex sentence). CC Independent Clause Independent Clause Dependent Clause

11. Compound-Complex sentences • Remember the proper punctuation necessary in both compound and complex sentences CC Independent Clause Independent Clause Dependent Clause