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Where is this?

Where is this?. northern hemisphere H 2 O ice. Where is this?. lecture 22. (Level 3). lecture 23. lecture 24. VOTE! Level 3. Present. Present. (Present). Turkey Time. Turkey Time. Reviews Due 5pm. Papers Due 5pm. The Votes Are In 2018. YES NO

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Where is this?

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  1. Where is this? northern hemisphere H2O ice

  2. Where is this?

  3. lecture 22 (Level 3) lecture 23 lecture 24 VOTE! Level 3 Present Present (Present) Turkey Time Turkey Time Reviews Due 5pm Papers Due 5pm

  4. The Votes Are In 2018 YES NO Life in Solar System? 7 2 Life in Universe? 9 0 Intelligent Life in Solar System? 0 9 Intelligent Life in Universe? 8 1

  5. The Votes Are In 2003-2017 YES NO Life in Solar System? 53 (71%) 22 Life in Universe? 76 (99%) 1 Intelligent Life in Solar System? 3 (4%) 75 Intelligent Life in Universe? 70 (91%) 7

  6. Life on Earth photo: Emory Kristof

  7. Five Major Steps to Earth Life • COLLECT MATERIALS • MAKE/GET AMINO ACIDS • MAKE RNA and DNA • MAKE REPRODUCTIVE FORMS • EVOLVE LIFE FORMS

  8. Step 1 to Earth Life • COLLECT MATERIALS CHON (+ a little S and P) • Earth’s original atmosphere … H2 He lost Earth’s atmosphere evolution … comets + volcanoes (+ life) H2O condenses NH3 CH4 UV split, H lost CO2 SO2 rocks absorb N2 N2O O2 builds up GRADE: A

  9. Step 2 to Earth Life II. MAKE/GET AMINO ACIDS from chunks? meteorites have > 50 amino acids inside 14,000 molecular compounds found in Murchison from dust? glycine found in giant molecular clouds ??? from soup? Miller-Urey experiment produces amino acids originally H2 + NH3 + CH4 and H2O  revised CO2 + N2 and H2O GRADE: A

  10. Step 3 to Earth Life III. RNA (and DNA) cold? stable compounds, ice lattice nice? concentration of compounds, clay lattice hot? early start, pyrite lattice GRADE: B kaolinite

  11. Step 4 to Earth Life IV. MAKE REPRODUCTIVE FORMS organization into cells replication required happened 3.5 Byr ago! GRADE: C

  12. Step 5 to Earth Life • EVOLVE LIFE FORMS • changes via mutations • extensive fossil record • current day changes (moths, hemophilia, bacteria, plankton, YOU) GRADE: A

  13. Five Major Steps to Earth Life • COLLECT MATERIALS GRADE: A • MAKE/GET AMINO ACIDS GRADE: A • MAKE RNA and DNA GRADE: B • MAKE REPRODUCTIVE FORMS GRADE: C • EVOLVE LIFE FORMS GRADE: A

  14. Cyanobacteria 1. developed RNA, DNA, proteins 2. invented photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy

  15. Plant Photosynthesis small amount of green reflected by plants

  16. Plant Photosynthesis 5 types of chlorophyll N types of carotenes

  17. Cyanobacteria 1. developed RNA, DNA, proteins 2. invented photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy 3. created O2, poisoned competitors note that prokaryotes show evidence of Earth’s oxidation some die in O2, some don’t care about O2, some must have O2 effectively all eukaryotes need O2 4. learned to use the O2 aerobic 18X more efficient energy production than anaerobic chloroplasts = photosynthesizing cyanobacteria mitochondria = O2 breathing cyanobacteria that invaded eukaryotes

  18. Chlorophyll on Earth plant life from 1997-2017 lots of vegetation = dark green … lots of phytoplankton = red https://phys.org/news/2017-11-planet.html

  19. Cyanobacteria Portraits

  20. Cyanobacteria: You’ve Seen Them

  21. Stromatolites stromatolites are structures left by cyano colonies (claims) date back to 3.7 Gyr cells live in mats/reefs, sediments + CaCO3 trapped cyanobacteria move up O2 producers on top, O2 avoiders on bottom fossils show the life processes of cyanobacteria only seen now in hypersaline environments

  22. Classifying Life Forms (old way) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Keep Pot Close, On Fridays Get Stoned 5 Kingdoms Plant mosses, ferns, flowering plants, bushes, trees Animal insects, jellyfish, crabs, fish, birds, lions, tigers, and bears Protista amoebae, paramecia, euglenae Fungi mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeasts Monera bacteria, including cyanobacteria

  23. Classifying Life Forms (new way) Tree of Life, a.k.a. the Woese system, introduced in 1990 3 Domains each contain unique rRNA (found in all cells): Plant mosses, ferns, flowering plants, bushes, trees Animal insects, jellyfish, crabs, fish, birds, lions, tigers, and bears Protista amoebae, paramecia, euglenae Fungi mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeasts = Eucarya cell nucleus containing genetic material, includes 4 Kingdoms Bacteria prokaryotes, includes cyanobacteria Archaea prokaryotes, includes halophiles and hyperthermophiles

  24. Molecular Phylogeny (new way) TECHNIQUE: a. align homologous gene sequences from different organisms b. count number of differences, a measure of “evolutionary distance” c. construct phylogenetic trees, i.e. evolution maps

  25. Tree of Life (today)

  26. Molecular Phylogeny TECHNIQUE: a. align homologous gene sequences from different organisms b. count number of differences, a measure of “evolutionary distance” c. construct phylogenetic trees, i.e. evolution maps RESULTS: 3 Domains replace 5 Kingdoms  Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya origin of life is found at the tree root, and is on the Bacterial line of descent … because Archaea and Eucarya are related to the exclusion of Bacteria … tend to find thermophiles near tree root (but debated) major organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) are of Bacterial ancestry most biodiversity is found in microbes (the small stuff really matters)

  27. Diversity of Life (2015) Total number of eukaryote species cataloged 1,730,725 www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-species.php Plants 307,674 flowering (angiosperms) 268,000 conifers, ferns, mosses, red/green algae Lichens, Mushrooms, Brown Algae 51,623 Invertebrate Animals 1,305,250 insects 1,000,000 spiders, scorpions, molluscs, crustaceans, etc. Vertebrate Animals 66,178 fishes 32,900 birds 10,425 reptiles 10,038 amphibians 7,302 mammals 5,513 Identifying a species before it’s extinct … priceless biologists have identified < 1% of species

  28. Solar System Explorers 12 What is an attribute of a TEEEM member that is unique to that world, compared to the other four TEEEM members? 1. Titan has dunes that circle ~entire world 2. Earth where the atmosphere is affected by life 3. Earth has life 4. Mars has historically known chaotic tilt 5. Enceladus makes a ring! 6. Enceladus has the only albedo that approaches or equals 1.0 7. Earth receives the most solar radiation 8. Enceladus is more like comets than others 9. Earth is the only one with liquid H2O oceans on its surface 10. Titan has CH4 that bubbles 11. Mars is the only one with 2 moons 12. Mars has global dust storms 13. Mars had reddish iron oxide on surface 14. Enceladus has the lowest density 1.6 15. Earth has active tectonics 16. Earth has the highest density 17. Titan is colored tholins 18. Titan may just really be the only one with a shell of ice-6 19. Enceladus has tiger stripes 20. Europa has chaotic terrain

  29. Solar System Explorers Triple 13-15 Name your 3 favorite things that you learned in ASTR 8850 this year. 1. … 2. … 3. … 4. … 5. … 6. … 7. … 8. … 9. … 10. … 11. … 12. … 13. … 14. … 15. … 16. … 17. … 18. … 19. … 20. …

  30. …………………………

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