1 / 29

International Parity Conditions

University of Oregon, Ali Emami. 2. International Parity Conditions. Definition: The parity conditions are equilibrium conditions that establish linkage between financial prices (P, i, S, F) in the absence of arbitrage.Implications: Provide guidelines for financial strategic decisions suggested b

tierra
Download Presentation

International Parity Conditions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

    1. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 1 International Parity Conditions International Finance and Investment Topic 4 Ali Emami Department of Finance Lundquist College of Business University of Oregon

    2. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 2 International Parity Conditions Definition: The parity conditions are equilibrium conditions that establish linkage between financial prices (P, i, S, F) in the absence of arbitrage. Implications: Provide guidelines for financial strategic decisions suggested by each side of parity condition. The parity conditions define international financial “break-even” points encompassing alternative strategies yielding identical financial outcomes suggested by each side (RHS and LHS) of parity condition.

    3. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 3 Implications…Continued From private investors point of view, parity conditions help to make optimal (beneficial) financial decisions regarding the choice of currency for borrowing, location of plants in different countries, measuring currency risk exposure, etc. From public policy makers point of view, parity conditions help to evaluate the strength of national currencies, the efficiency of national capital markets, and the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies towards achieving macroeconomic policies.

    4. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 4 Implications………..Continued The empirical evidence and tests on validity (invalidity) of parity conditions provide useful signals regarding the opportunity for making profits for private enterprise. When parity conditions hold, it implies that its almost impossible to make profit from arbitrage in goods, services, capital, etc. When parity conditions do not hold, it often implies the possibility of making profits doing arbitrage in goods, capital, etc.

    5. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 5 Parity Conditions in Perfect Capital Markets Perfect Capital Markets Assumptions: No transaction costs (“price” differentials only provokes arbitrage) No taxes, tariff or trade barriers Complete certainty (no risk) Given these assumption, profit-maximizing enterprise will act to capitalize on arbitrage opportunities in trade of goods and services between countries, between spot and forward exchange rates, and between real and financial assets to the extent that eliminates any further arbitrage activity.

    6. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 6 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Doctrine Purchasing power party doctrine was introduced by the Swedish economist Gustav Cassel in 1918 (Gustav Cassel, “Abnormal Deviations in International Exchanges,” Economic Journal, December 1918, pp.413-415). He proposed the PPP doctrine after WWI as a new method for measuring exchange rates among countries.

    7. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 7 PPP Definition Definition: Purchasing power parity focuses on the parity condition at a specific time that links the price of a specific product in a country in terms of its currency (P$) to: the price of the same product in another country denominated in its currency (P€ ), and the spot exchange rate between the two currencies (S($/€)) .

    8. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 8 Types of PPP The PPP doctrine has two forms: The absolute PPP (APPP) and, the relative PPP (RPPP).

    9. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 9 Absolute PPP (APPP) The APPP relies on perfect capital market (PCM) assumptions and the Law of One Price (LOOP). The Law of One Price states that under PCM assumptions, there are no opportunities for arbitrage based on the prices of a similar (homogenous) good in two countries. Hence, prices of the same good in two trading partner countries will become identical (after adjustments in the exchange rate). Thus,

    10. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 10 APPP Continued APPP and Exchange Rate Substituting general price levels (a weighted price for all products) for each country in equation (1), yields a measurement for exchange rate between Dollar and Euro currencies:

    11. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 11 APPP & Exchange rate: Example Exchange Rate Gold Standard (1876-1913): One ounce of gold in the United States was priced at $20.67 while in U.K., one ounce of gold was priced at Ł4.247. According to APPP, what would be the S($/Ł)?

    12. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 12 The Big Mac Index Definition: The APPP measure of the “true equilibrium value” of a currency based on one product, a MacDonald’s Big Mac.

    13. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 13 The Big Mac Index: Example

    14. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 14 Relative Purchasing Power Parity (RPPP) Doctrine Relative purchasing power parity (RPPP) is concerned with the changes in spot rate over time. That is RPPP estimates percentage changes in the exchange rates over a given time period. Rewriting equation (2) for time period (t+1) yields: Dividing (3) by (2) gives the dynamics behavior of exchange rate:

    15. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 15 Implications of RPPP 1 2

    16. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 16 Example: Consider the following information on U.S. and Japanese CPIs. What was the PPP implied exchange rate between the Ą and the $ in 1989? Was the Ą overvalued or under valued against the $? By how much?

    17. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 17 Answer: Dividing equation (3) by equation (2) yields:

    18. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 18 Example: Assume that inflation rate in U.S. and euro region are expected to be 6% and 4% respectively each year for the next four years, and the current spot rate is $1.2812 per euro. Calculate the PPP rate for euro in four years. Answer:

    19. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 19 Example: Suppose the base period is year 1990. Assume that currently (in 2004), the U.S. CPI is 102 and the United Kingdom’s CPI is at 115 relative to 1990 base period. The exchange rate was $1.5 in 1990. Calculate the PPP exchange rate in 2004. Answer:

    20. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 20 Example: Given the following information, if PPP hold over 1979-1998, what would have been the S(DM/$) rate in 1998? Answer:

    21. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 21 Real Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rates The Real Bilateral Exchange Rate Based on Absolute PPP The Real Exchange Rate Based on Relative Purchasing Power Parity

    22. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 22 Real Exchange Rate Based on the Market Exchange Rate Formula:

    23. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 23 Interest Rate Parity (IRP) Theory and the Fisher Parities Interest rate parity focuses on the parity condition that links the spot and forward (expected) exchange rates with international money and bond markets. The parity condition implied by this theory establishes the break-even condition where the return on a domestic currency investment is identical with the return on a foreign currency investment covered against exchange rate risk

    24. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 24 CIRP Relations Invest $1 at Home at the rate of i$ and after one year get: Invest $1 in euro at the rate of and after one year get:

    25. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 25 CIRP Relations……….continued Where to invest (if you got the money)? If (LHS > RHS), then invest in $. If (LHS < RHS), then invest in Euro. If (LHS = RHS), then indifferent.

    26. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 26 CIRP Relations……….continued Where to borrow and invest (if you don’t have money)? If (LHS > RHS), then borrow from euro and invest in $. If (LHS < RHS), then borrow from $ and invest in Euro. If (LHS = RHS), then indifferent.

    27. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 27 Variations of Covered and Uncovered IRP Formula 1 2 3 4

    28. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 28 Uncovered IRP: Relationship Between PPP and IRP: Fisher’s “interest-open economy” condition 1 2 3 4

    29. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 29 Fisher’s “interest-open economy” condition 1 2

    30. University of Oregon, Ali Emami 30 Market Forces and Covered Interest Parity

More Related