THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

2. BRINTON’S MODEL OF REVOLUTION • RUMBLINGS OF DISCONTENT • OUTBREAK • TERROR • REACTION • END OF REVOLUTION

3. CRISIS AS THE CAUSE OF THE TERROR Anarchy within, invasion from without. A country cracking from outside pressure, disintegrating from internal strain. Revolution is at its height. War. Inflation. Hunger. Fear. Hate. Sabotage.Fanaticism. Hopes. Boundless idealism . . . and the dread that all the gains of the Revolution would be lost. And the faith that if they won, they would bring Liberty, Equality, Fraternity to the world. —R. R. Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled

4. THE TERROR: KILL PEOPLE TO SET THEM FREE "The government of liberty is the despotism of liberty against tyranny."

5. Robespierre's Malevolent Legacy:Terror as "Justice" "Terror is naught but prompt, severe, inflexible justice; it is therefore an emanation of virtue; it is less a particular principle than a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to the most pressing needs of the fatherland."Maximillien Marie Isidore de RobespierreAddress, National Convention, 1794 "Robespierre, with his cruel moral relativism, embodied the cardinal sin of all revolution, the heartlessness of ideas."Paul Johnson "The Spectator" "He [the revolutionary] is damned always to do that which is most repugnant to him: to become a slaughterer, to sacrifice lambs so that no more lambs may be slaughtered, to whip people with knouts so that they may learn not to let themselves by whipped, to strip himself of every scruple in the name of a higher scrupulousness, and to challenge the hatred of mankind because of his love for it - an abstract and geometric love."Arthur Koestler "Darkness at Noon" "The French Revolution had opened an era of intense politicization. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the dawning modern world, and in this respect it was a true child of Rousseau, was the tendency to relate everything to politics. In Latin America, every would-be plunderer or ambitious bandit now called himself a "a liberator"; murderers killed for freedom, thieves stole for the people."Paul Johnson "Modern Times" "What we learn from the study of the Great [French] Revolution is that it was the source of all the present communist, anarchist and socialist conceptions."Prince Petr Kropotkin Russian naturalist, author and soldierwriting in 1909 on the eve of the Bolshevik Revolution

6. "Robespierre's sin was to be absolutely honest to the Revolution ...an idealist ...true believer." “I believe Robespierre was a good, virtuous, honest, and principled man. The force of circumstance compelled Robespierre to orchestrate The Terror." "I believe Robespierre was a good, virtuous, honest, and principled man. He is a hero!" "Terror without virtue is bloody, virtue without terror is impossible." -Robespierre "

7. INTERNAL CRISIS: ENRAGES • SANS CULOTTES • PAMPHLETEERS • NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS • PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATIONS

8. INTERNAL CRISIS: RELIGIOUS POLICIES INITIALLY GOVERNMENT TOOK CONTROL OF CHURCH PROPERTY AND MADE PRIESTS SWEAR AN OATH TO THE REVOLUTION

9. INTERNAL CRISIS: NEWNESS OF THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS NATIONAL CONVENTION

10. SEPTEMBER MASSACRES GREAT FEAR INTERNAL CRISIS: VIOLENCE AS A LEGITIMATE POLITICAL TOOL VENDES, MARSEILLES, LYON: Military force used to bring them back to the Revolution

11. COMPETING POLITICAL VISIONS JACOBIN(the mountain) VS GIRONDON ROYALIST VS REPUBLICAN CATHOLIC VS RATIONALISTS

12. INTERNAL CRISIS: EXECUTION OF THE KING

13. EXTERNAL CRISIS: FOREIGN WARS

14. EXTERNAL CRISIS: EMIGRES

15. INTERNAL CRISIS: ECONOMIC PROBLEMS INFLATION FOOD SUPPLY- PRICE OF BREAD IN SHORT SUPPLY AND WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS WERE MARCHING IN PROTEST LAND DISTRIBUTION- WHO GETS THE CONFISCATED LAND?

16. SANS CULOTTES PAMPHLETEERS NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATIONS 30,000 PUT IN JAIL –ALTERNATIVE TO LYNCH MOBS CENTRALIZED ADMINISTRATION OF THE ARMY PROGRAM OF THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY: DEALING WITH ENRAGES

17. STOPPED PRACTISEOF DECHRISTIANIZATION BEGAN WORSHIP OF SUPREME BEING NOTRE DAME BECAME TEMPLE OF REASON PROGRAM OF THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY: DEALING WITH RELIGION

18. GREAT FEAR SEPTEMBER MASSACRES RECALLING THE KING FROM VERSAILLES COMPETING POLITICAL VISIONS LAW OF SUSPECTS: MASSACRES OF ROYALISTS AND COUNTER REVOLUTIONARIES ELIMINATED GIRONDONS, ROYALISTS, EVEN POLITICAL ALLIES LIKE DANTON WERE ELIMINATED TRADITION OF VIOLENCE AS A LEGITIMATE POLITICAL TOOL

19. INFLATION BREAD LAND DISTRIBUTION WAGE AND PRICE CONTROL- LAW OF MAXIMUM GUARANTEED SUPPLY AND CONTROL PRICE GAVE AWAY LAND TO COUNTER REVOLUTIONARIES PROGRAM OF THE COMMITTEE: ECONOMIC POLICIES

20. PLANS FOR UNIVERSAL EDUCATION ABOLISHED SLAVERY PROMISING YOUTHS TO MILITARY SCHOOLS SOCIAL POLICIES OF COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

21. WAR WITH ALL THE NATIONS GOES BADLY EMIGRES SEEN AS THREAT LEVEE EN MASSE 800,000 MEN IN THE FIELD MILITARY THREATS LOWER RANKS GOT TO MOVE UP IN THE RANKS EMIGRES WERE KEPT OUT OF CONTROL OF THE COUNTRY-SECRET POLICE EXTERNAL PROGRAM OF THE COMMITTEE

22. Marseillaise - English lyrics Arise children of the fatherlandThe day of glory has arrivedAgainst us tyranny'sBloody standard is raisedListen to the sound in the fieldsThe howling of these fearsoe soldiersThey are coming into our midstTo cut the throats of your sons and consorts To arms citizens Form your battalionsMarch, marchLet impure bloodWater our furrows What do they want this horde of slavesOf traitors and conspiratorial kings?For whom these vile chainsThese long-prepared irons?Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrageWhat methods must be taken?It is us they dare planTo return to the old slavery! What! These foreign cohorts!They would make laws in our courts!What! These mercenary phalanxesWould cut down our warrior sonsGood Lord! By chained handsOur brow would yield under the yokeThe vile despots would have themselves beThe masters of destiny Tremble, tyrants and traitorsThe shame of all good menTremble! Your parricidal schemesWill receive their just rewardAgainst you we are all soldiersIf they fall, our young heros France will bear new onesReady to join the fight against you Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriorsBear or hold back your blowsSpare these sad victimsThat they regret taking up arms against usBut not these bloody despotsThese accomplices of BouilléAll these tigers who pitilesslyRipped out their mothers' wombs We too shall enlistWhen our elders' time has comeTo add to the list of deedsInscribed upon their tombsWe are much less jealous of surviving themThan of sharing their coffinsWe shall have the sublime prideOf avenging or joining them Drive on sacred patriotismSupport our avenging armsLiberty, cherished libertyJoin the struggle with your defendersUnder our flags, let victoryHurry to your manly toneSo that in death your enemiesSee your triumph and our glory!