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Increasing studies have confirmed that the pathogenesis of diabetes is related to various signaling pathways, such as insulin signaling pathway, AMPK pathway, and PPAR regulation and chromatin modification pathways. These signaling pathways have thus become the major source of the promising novel drug targets to treat metabolic diseases and diabetes.
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Diabetes Signaling Pathway Diabetes is a metabolic disease which affects not only the glucose metabolism but also lipid and protein metabolism. It encompasses two major types, including types 1 and 2 diabetes. Type I diabetes (T1D) is characterized by destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas and insulin is not produced, whereas type II diabetes (T2D) is characterized by a progressive impairment of insulin secretion and relative decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the action of this hormone. Despite the different etiologies of T1D and T2D, the defining feature of both forms of diabetes is the ensuing hyperglycemia or pathologically induced high blood glucose levels. An Overview of Diabetes Diabetes is a major worldwide health problem predisposing to markedly increased cardiovascular mortality. It is associated with multiple physio-pathological changes in the cardiovascular system. Among these, endothelial dysfunction and hemostatic disorders may at least in part account for the higher risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) while micro-angiopathy, myocardial fibrosis, and abnormal myocardial metabolism have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a specific diabetic cardiomyopathy. When it occurs in diabetic patients, heart failure (HF) is, in most cases, a consequence of CAD. In addition, the pathogenesis of diabetes is not only implicated in the oxidative stress but also the hyperglycemia-induced protein glycation that generates superoxide free radicals. The generation of reactive oxygen species may lead to lipid peroxidation and formation of reactive products, which may be involved in severe damage of cell molecules and structures. The clinical diagnosis of diabetes includes determination of the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which gives an overview of blood glucose levels over a 3 month period. As type II diabetes mellitus continues to increase world wide, there is an enhanced need for effective disease management. https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/diabetes-signaling-pathway.htm
