The Civil War: Causes, Strategies, and Key Leaders

1. Warm-up • List at least 4 causes of the Civil War. • (not in notes): Write at least 2 things you know (or think you know) about the Civil War.

2. Causes of the Civil War- • Sectional disagreements and debates over: • 1) tariffs(How?) • 2) extension of slavery in the territorieshow? • 3) the nature of the Union ( Federalists v. states’ rights compact theory) how? • Northern abolitionists versus Southern defenders of slavery • United States Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case • Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. • Ineffective presidential leadership in the 1850s. Harrison, Tyler, Polk, Z.Taylor, M.Fillmore, F.Pierce, & J.Buchanan • A series of failed compromises over the expansion of slavery in the territories (Mo. Comp, Compromise of 1850, K&N Act) describe each?

3. The election of Lincoln in 1860 (4 candidates) • split in TJ & Jackson’s Dem Party 3 ways: 1. N. Dem –Stephen Douglas, • 2. S. Dem-KY Breckinridge & • 3. Bell-avoid slavery & promises to keep country together • the new Republican Party(formed in 1850s) nominated Lincoln (Anti-slavery in new territories) • Lincoln won majority of electors but only 40% vote –means 60% pop voted for someone else. • voter turnout 82% one of highest in history why so high? (see chart) *** what happens here ***what happened here?

4. Within days, SC meets & votes unanimously to secede: why SC? • 1. North breached contract because constitution protects slavery & • 2. wouldn’t enforce Fugitive slave law so South released from obligation (Compact Theory) • President Lincoln’s call for 75,000 federal troops in 1861 (when SC secedes)

5. The Civil War 1861-1865 •   The Civil War was the deadliest war in US history. More Americans died in the Civil War than all other U.S. wars combined. (why?) 2 reasons? • Dead on both sides, industrialization w/ old style of battle tactics • Example: Gettysburg=3 day battle with 50,000 deaths vs. Vietnam=10 year US involvement with 50,000 death •   In four years 620,000 died (more died from infection and disease than on the battlefield). 25:35-29:45 America story of us-civil war • 360,000 Union deaths & 260,000 Confederate death

6. Why did the Southern states secede? • Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860. • The South believed that Lincoln would attempt to abolish slavery. • Immediately following the election of Lincoln, South Carolina is the first Southern state to secede (leave) the Union, followed by several other Southern states (all blue states leave before inauguration 7 total) • In inauguration speech, he tries to hold onto the grey states (4) “I have no purpose …to interfere w/ slavery where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so…we are not enemies but friends” 4 grey states secede after sumter • Out of 34 total states, 11 Southern states seceded and 23 states remain loyal to the Union.

7. At the beginning, Lincoln knew legally he could not abolish slavery because it was protected by the Constitution. (Lincoln goals:) • 1. Preserve the Union • 2. Contain slavery where it currently exists and let it die out from within

8. What were the strategies for victory? • Southern Strategy- fight a defensive war repulsing Union invasions and hoping that the North would tire of war and give up on the idea of reunification sound familiar? • Ask GB & France (whom are dependent on our cotton) for Naval assistance to break blockade (supplies for cotton) why not? • Northern Strategy- “Anaconda Plan" • 1) Blockade Southern ports. • 2) Control the Mississippi. • 3) Capture the Rebel capital • 4) Divide the Confederacy. Miss R.

9. Who were the key leaders of the Civil War? • Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary. (log cabin president, famous for Lincoln debates, had to sneak into DC in Disguise to avoid assassins)(Abolitionist pt.3 Lincoln’s original goal at outset of war “preservation of union & colonization to Africa” to Emancipation Proclamation as a tool to win war 34:40-38:09 • Jefferson Davis: U.S. Senator from Mississippi who became presidentof the Confederate States of America (West Point Grad, former cabinet head, but suffered chronic illness, desired to be like Napoleon) • Frederick Douglass: Former slave he became a prominent abolitionist and urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union army. (major pressure to emancipate)(he & garrison pushed to emancipate) • Ulysses S. Grant: Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed. He was undefeated against Lee (knew he had #s wasn’t afraid to engage enemy like McClellan) • Robert E. Lee: Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia •Most famous American General of all time. After Appomattox he urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again. • Brilliant military leader, Lincoln wanted to hire him! Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Only joined when VA invaded. (worked at Wash & Lee in VA when he retired) Watch mini biography 3:34 on Robert E. Lee

10. Lincoln desperate to hold onto border states (green) why? • 1. most southern factoriesin border states (would have doubled industrial might of south) • 2. geographic location = DC surrounded • 3. more white males to fight with south (#s game) • How does he do it? Martial Law declared in MD, guerilla warfare in MO, Suspension of writ of habeas corpus in all border states

11. What were the major military and political events of the Civil War? • Election of Lincoln (1860), followed by the secession of several Southern states who feared that Lincoln would try to abolish slavery.(Lame duck period problem Nov to March-Buchanan did nothing 7 of 11 pulled out during this time 20th Amend will change to Jan after Great Depression) Abolitionist pt. 3 28:20-32:00) • Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861, Opening confrontation of the Civil War, CSA fires the first shots on the Federal fort in the harbor of Charlestown SC. (SC surrounded fort & Lincoln has 3 choices: 2. fire 1st taking fort 2. resupply it or 3. let it go = Lincoln takes middle road • (fort in Charleston Harbor)(after SC fired 1st & took fort, Lincoln called 75,000 volunteers –Preserve Union)

12. 1862 The Battle of Antietam: (McClellan finds Lee Marching orders wrapped around three cigars) • A stalemate - Northern victory (Really a draw but Lee retreats so victory for North) • Single bloodiest day of fighting-23,000 dead, wounded or missing • why is Lee invading North against South’s strategy of Defensive War or War of attrition? • Lee knows South can’t last so has to take war home to North & hope people push for peace • and turning point because • it gave Lincoln the political and military support he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. (why does he need a victory to issue Emancipation?) • Doesn’t want to seem desperate & doing it for wrong reasons • more importantly: It convinced Britain & France to withhold recognition of the C.S.A. How & why?

13. How did the Emancipation Proclamation support the North’s war aims? •  Freed those slaves located in the “rebelling” states (so how many slaves did it free?) • Made the abolition of slavery a Northern war aim original goal? • preserve the union • Discouraged any interference of foreign governments (GB & France –want cotton trade) why? • Allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers in the Union Army (180,000) (advantage to North how?)

14. What was Lincoln’s vision of the nation in the Gettysburg Address? • Gettysburg: July 1-3, 1863, Turning point of the Civil War, bloodiest battle (3 days), ending with Picket’s charge. It’s the only Confederate attempt time invade the North, 51,000 Union and Confederate deaths. Why not Antietam? • Video Battle of Gettysburg history.com • Dead all over Gettysburg so townspeople burying them & want to haver service • Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to “all men are created equal” and that was a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” • Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection of sovereign states. (debunk compact theory) Southerners believed that states had freely joined the union and could freely leave. • Lincoln believed the War was fought to fulfill the promise of the Declaration of Independence and was a “Second American Revolution.” video Gettysburg Address 1st period

15. How did the Civil War affect African Americans? • 1) The Emancipation Proclamation allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers. • 2) 180,000 African Americans served in the Union Army in segregated units (9% of the armed forces). • 3) Used mostly for labor, rarely used in combat. • 4) Few may have fought for the CSA but there is little to no evidence to support this claim.

16. The End of the Civil War • Fall of Vicksburg, July 4th, 1863. The siege of Vicksburg began in May. The city was surrounded and constantly bombarded. The city was deprived of food and supplies. The capture of Vicksburg gave the Union control of the Mississippi River • $6.7 Billion total cost of war • Appomattox: April 9, 1865, Site of Lee’s surrender to Grant effectively ending the war • America Story 38:20 scorched earth & Lee surrender at 42:00