Experimental Psychology and Psychics

1. Experimental Psychology andPsychics

2. Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894) MYOGRAPH—”frog curve”

3. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873- 1874) 1879—first psychological laboratory at Leipzig

4. Wundt’s Psychological Laboratory c. 1910

5. Perceiving the Inner World • Inner Perception —formulated by the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Indirect noticing of mental events, not active focusing on them, e.g. I attend to a sound. • Introspection or inner observation —an active reflection on the contents of consciousness, e.g. I attend to way I hear the sound.

6. Horizontal Kymograph c. 1916 Brass Instruments Psychology, University of Toronto

7. Hipp Chronoscope

8. Wundt’s Control Hammer From Titchener’s Photograph Album on Psychological Instruments, 1895, courtesy Max Planck

9. COLOR DISK ROTATORS From: Museum of the History of Psychological Instrumentation Eduard Zimmerman Catalog (1903)

10. Tone or Stern Variator c. 1910

11. TACHISTOSCOPE c. 1930 Stoelting, C. H. 1930. Apparatus, Tests and Supplies for Psychology, Psychometry, Psychotechnology, Psychiatry, Neurology, Anthropology, Phonetics, Physiology, and Pharmacology, courtesy, MPIWG

12. “Subject” and “Observer” became standard terms by end of 1900s. From,Spindler & Hoyer. 1908. Apparate für psychologische Untersuchungen., Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

13. Wilhelm Wundt Ethnic or Cultural Psychology on Language, Myth and Custom 1910-1920 (ten volumes)

14. William James (1842-1910) The Principles of Psychology (1890)

15. Psychological Laboratory,Harvard,1893 Nichols, Herbert. 1893. The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. McClure's Magazine: 399-409, courtesy MPIWG

16. Münsterberg’s Laboratory, Harvard, c. 1915 From Roback, History of American Psychology, 1952

17. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) CHILD STUDY MOVEMENT

18. American Psychological Association founded 1892

19. This method of patience, starving out, and harassing to death is tried; Nature must submit to a regular siege, in which minute advantages gained night and day by the forces that hem her in must sum themselves at last into her overthrow. There is little of the grand style about these new prism, pendulum and galvanometer philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.” (James, North American Review , 1875, p. 200). Functionalism—Consciousness as serving a function in the evolutionary process

20. International Psychology Meetings • First international Congress of Psychology Paris, 1889 (hypnosis, and telepathic communication) • Congress of Experimental Psychology, 1892 (some attendees: Francis Galton, Cesare Lombroso, Pierre Janet, even Hermann Helmoltz • Congress of Experimental Psychology, 1896

21. World's Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893

22. Spiritualism – in NY State, 1848 The Fox Sisters The Fox House

23. “The Medium and Daybreak” 1875 Spiritualist Publication

24. Typical Séance

25. Séance Participants, courtesy of the Connecticut State Library

26. The Mumler Case: Spirit Photographs? Mrs. French with her spirit son

27. Mr. DOBBS, at the request • of his Affianced, sits for his Photograph. • Unconsciously happens in at MUMLER'S. • 2. Result--Portrait of DOBBS, with his • Five Deceased Wives in Spirituo!!! • Harper's Weekly, May 8, 1869

28. Spirit Photograph, with a Medium, from Lombroso, After Death What? (1908)

29. FOUNDING MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR PSYCHICAL RESEARCH (1882) Edmund Gurney, Henry Sedgwick & Frederick Myers

30. Eleanor Sidgwick Mathematician and member of the SPR

31. Amateur Thought-Reading Illustrated London News(1889) from Noakes, 2004

32. Experiment in Thought-Transference From “Third Report On thought-transference” Society for Psychical Research (1882-1883) From Noakes, 2004

33. Frederick Myers, Society of Psychical Research—1890s • Subliminal Self: layer of the self just below consciousness, evidenced by trance, hypnotism and automatic writing. Emanations from this self were not abnormal, and could even be supernormal, or from a wiser self, beyond the everyday, narrow self (examples were Joan of Arc and Socrates).

34. Eusapia Palladino (1854-1918)

35. Experiments with Cardiographs, and Recording Cylinder From, Lombroso, After Death, What? (1908)

36. Table Levitation Luminous Bands in Séances From Cesare Lombroso, After Death, What? (1908)

37. Leonore Piper, Medium (1857-1950)

38. Overview of Founding of Psychological Societies • British Society for Psychical Research, founded 1882. • American Society for Psychical Research, founded 1884 -- in 1887 formed a committee on experimental psychology. • American Psychological Association founded in 1892.

39. Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927)

40. This method of patience, starving out, and harassing to death is tried; Nature must submit to a regular siege, in which minute advantages gained night and day by the forces that hem her in must sum themselves at last into her overthrow. There is little of the grand style about these new prism, pendulum and galvanometer philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.” (James, North American Review , 1875, p. 200).