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Lexical Access: Generation & Selection

Lexical Access: Generation & Selection. Today’s Main Topic. Listeners as active participants in comprehension process Model system: word recognition. Outline. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access Active Search Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access Autonomy & Interaction. Outline.

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Lexical Access: Generation & Selection

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  1. Lexical Access:Generation & Selection

  2. Today’s Main Topic • Listeners as active participants in comprehension process • Model system: word recognition

  3. Outline • Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access • Active Search • Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access • Autonomy & Interaction

  4. Outline • Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access • Active Search • Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access • Autonomy & Interaction

  5. How do we recognize words?

  6. The mental lexicon sport figure sing door carry turf turtle gold turk turkey turn water turbo turquoise turnip turmoil

  7. How do we recognize words? • The Simplest Theory • Take a string of letters/phonemes/syllables, match to word in the mental lexicon • (That’s roughly how word processors work) • …is it plausible?

  8. Word Recognition is Fast • Intuitively immediate - words are recognized before end of word is reached • Speech shadowing at very brief time-lags, ~250ms (Marslen-Wilson 1973, 1975)

  9. Lexical Access is Robust • Succeeds in connected speech • Succeeds in fast speech • Survives masking effects of morphological affixation and phonological processes • Deleted or substituted segments • Speech embedded in noise

  10. But… • Speed and robustness depends on words in contextsentence --> word context effects • In isolation, word recognition is slower and a good deal more fragile, susceptible to error • …but still does not require perfect matching

  11. Questions • How does lexical access proceed out of context? • Why is lexical access fast and robust in context? • When does context affect lexical access? • does it affect early generation (lookup) processes? • does it affect later selection processes?

  12. Additional Context Effects • Word context affects phoneme identification…word --> phoneme context effects

  13. Phoneme Restoration • The _eel had a broken axleThe _eel on the orange was hard to cut(Warren 1970) • Phoneme restoration effects are stronger(i) in words than non-words(ii) later in words(iii) in strongly biasing contexts

  14. Phoneme Monitoring • press the button as soon as you hear a ‘b’ • “in the yard was a large group of twittering birds”“cat, dog, horse, rabbit …” • Monitoring is facilitated by context

  15. Perceptual Boundaries

  16. Perceptual Boundaries DA TA

  17. Perceptual Boundaries DASK TASK (Ganong 1980)

  18. Perceptual Boundaries DASK TASK (Ganong 1980)

  19. Perceptual Boundaries DASH TASH (Ganong 1980)

  20. Perceptual Boundaries DASH TASH (Ganong 1980)

  21. Classic Experimental Paradigms

  22. Accessing the Mental Dictionary

  23. Reaction Time Paradigms • Lexical Decision • Priming

  24. List 1sicklecathartic torrid gregarious oxymoron atrophy List 2parabola periodontist preternatural pariah persimmon porous Looking for Words

  25. List 1sicklecathartic torrid gregarious oxymoron atrophy List 2parabola periodontist preternatural pariah persimmon porous Looking for Words Speed of look-up reflects organization of dictionary

  26. Looking for Words +

  27. Looking for Words DASH

  28. Looking for Words +

  29. Looking for Words RASK

  30. Looking for Words +

  31. Looking for Words CURLY

  32. Looking for Words +

  33. Looking for Words PURCE

  34. Looking for Words +

  35. Looking for Words WINDOW

  36. Looking for Words +

  37. Looking for Words DULIP

  38. Looking for Words +

  39. Looking for Words LURID

  40. Looking for Words +

  41. Looking for Words PRESSULE

  42. Looking for Words +

  43. Looking for Words DOCTOR

  44. Looking for Words +

  45. Looking for Words NURSE

  46. Looking for Words • Semantically Related Word Pairsdoctor nurse hand finger speak talk sound volume book volume

  47. Looking for Words • In a lexical decision task, responses are faster when a word is preceded by a semantically related word • DOCTOR primes NURSE • Implies semantic organization of dictionary

  48. Outline • Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access • Active Search • Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access • Autonomy & Interaction

  49. Active Recognition • System actively seeks matches to input - does not wait for complete match

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