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ENERGY IN A CELL

ENERGY IN A CELL. ATP. * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is broken down part is released as heat the rest is stored as chemical energy. ATP.

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ENERGY IN A CELL

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  1. ENERGY IN A CELL

  2. ATP * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is broken down part is released as heat the rest is stored as chemical energy.

  3. ATP ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate 1 adenine 1 ribose *Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds adenosine P P P 3 phosphate groups Triphosphate

  4. Energy is released by breaking the last phosphate bond • “high energy bond” and this transfer to another compd • is called: Phosphorylation P P P P P P + ATP ADP + Pi (Adenosine Diphosphate) *has less energy than ATP

  5. How is ATP made? ATP CYCLE ATP Energy for cell use Energy from food ADP + Pi

  6. Glucoseis the most common food substance from which we obtain energy. *Glucose itself contains too much energy for the cell to use all at once so it is broken down and stored in ATP. 1 Glucose = 38 ATP 1 Triglyceride = 146 ATP 1 Protein = 38 ATP

  7. Hydrogen Receptors (coenzymes) -NAD : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide -FAD : Flavin adenine dinucleotide *Each of these 2 molecules can accept hydrogen atoms. NAD + 2H NADH FAD + 2H FADH2 As the hydrogens are transferred the coenzymes gain energy (temporarily) Hydrogen is passed along in this way until the last step in the pathway when another substance is used as a final acceptor. *The energy is used to make ATP from ADP + Pi *either oxygen or another substance

  8. Chemistry of Photosynthesis light energy chemical energy light 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O LIGHT DEPENDENT VS LIGHT INDEPENDENT -only in light (day) - light or dark (day/night) -takes place in thylakoid - dependent on chemical membrane of chloroplasts products of light rxns - take place in stroma of chloroplasts

  9. Chloroplasts Thylakoid Grana Stroma • Light dependent rxns : membrane of thylakoid • Light independent rxns : stroma

  10. Light Dependent Rxn * Take place in thylakoid membrane Light absorption = 1st step 2 Light Absorbing Forms * Photosystem II * Photosystem I Purpose : Convert ADP ATP Convert NADP NADPH (contain chlorophyll) Energy from electrons (e-)

  11. Light Dependent Rxn electron acceptor e- acceptor e- 2 H+ ADP + P ATP e- E.T.C (thylakoid membrane) 2 NADPH e- 2 NADP Photosystem II (chlorophyll) Photosystem I (chlorophyll) 2H2O 2H2 + O2

  12. Light Dependent Rxn : Thylakoid membrane • Sunlight absorbed by photosystem II • H20 is split into ½ O2 and 2H • Hydrogens pumped across the thylakoid membrane and e-’s passed • along ETC. • Sunlight absorbed by photosystem I, e- energy used to produce • NADPH • 5. Using the hydrogen gradient ATP Synthase makes ATP • 2H2O + Light ATP + NADPH + O2

  13. Light Independent Rxns Carbon fixation - incorporation of CO2 into an organic compd during photosynthesis. Calvin Cycle = light independent rxn = dark rxn (RuBP - 5 carbon sugar starting & ending compound Calvin Cycle/Light independent rxn : stroma 6CO2 C6H12O6 glucose

  14. Calvin Cycle CO2 1. Carbon Fixation CO2 + RuBP 5. ATP and PGAL rebuild RuBP so that the cycle can begin again 6 carbon sugar 2. The 6-carbon compd splits into 2 PGA (3 carbon compds) RuBP ADP + P 2 PGA 2 ATP ATP 2ADP + 2P 2 NADPH 2 NADP PGAL 4. SIX cycles produces 2 PGAL which combine to form 1 glucose molecule 3. ATP & NADPH produced in light rxn provide energy to convert PGA to PGAL PGAL PGAL/G3P Glucose (2PGAL/G3P)

  15. light 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

  16. Calvin Cycle ATP & NADPH provide energy CO2 + RuBP 2 PGA (3 carbon compd) 2 PGAL/ 2 G3P RuBP Used to make more 6 CO2 12 PGAL (G3P) -10 PGAL Used to make more RuBP 2 PGAL/2G3P FORM 1 Glucose http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=62625&title=Photosynthesis

  17. Cellular Respiration Aerobic : presence of oxygen Anaerobic : absence of oxygen *Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration start with the same rxn: Glycolysis Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells

  18. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html Glycolysis http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html Glucose C-C-C-C-C-C 2 ATP used PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde) is oxidized by losing 2 hydrogen atoms and changes to another 3-carbon compound called Pyruvate. 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P PGAL PGAL C-C-C C-C-C NAD NADH NAD NADH 4 ATP made 2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP Net Production *2 NADH *2 ATP Pyruvate Pyruvate C-C-C C-C-C *4 ATP - 2 ATP (used) = 2 ATP (Net)

  19. Anaerobic Respiration *Anaerobic respiration is very inefficient. It takes 20 Glucose molecules to make as much ATP as an aerobic organism can make with 1 Glucose molecule. Fermentation : conversion of Pyruvate to some other product with no further release of energy. - yeast converts to CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol - some bacteria create substances into cheese - your cells make lactic acid

  20. Glucose Glycolysis (2 ATP) Anaerobic Respiration Pyruvate Without O2 Fermentation Anaerobic bacteria, Mammal muscles yeast Lactic Acid Ethyl Alcohol + CO2

  21. Aerobic Respiration

  22. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html Aerobic Respiration *Aerobic Respiration begins with Glycolysis. The remaining steps take place in the mitochondria. Pyruvate Pyruvate C-C-C C-C-C CoA CoA NAD NAD NADH NADH CO2 CO2 C-C C-C Net Production *2 NADH *2 CO2 Acetyl - CoA Acetyl - CoA (2 carbons) (2 carbons) Kreb Cycle Kreb Cycle

  23. Kreb Cycle * 2 CYCLES Acetyl-CoA 2 Carbons 6 Carbons 4 Carbons (citric acid) NADH NAD NAD CO2 NADH 4 Carbons FADH2 5 Carbons FAD NET Production after 2 Cycles: 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 4 CO2 NAD 4 Carbons NADH CO2 ATP ADP + P

  24. http://www.sumanhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlhttp://www.sumanhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html Net Production: 1. Glycolysis = 2 ATP = 2 NADH 2. CoA = 2 NADH = 2 CO2 3. Kreb Cycle = 6 NADH = 2 FADH2 = 2 ATP = 4 CO2 Total = 10 NADH 2 FADH2 6 CO2 4 ATP Electron Transport Chain

  25. Electron Transport Chain • Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - a highly organized • system of enzymes, coenzymes and proteins • in the innermembrane of themitochondria. • NADH and FADH2 contain stored energy that will be • used to create additional ATP. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html

  26. Electron Transport Chain 10 NADH 2 FADH2 12 H+ 12 H+ or e- are used to produce ATP The e-’s from the hydrogen receptors are passed down the proteins in the ETC and a H+ gradient is formed. ATP Synthase converts the energy from the Hydrogens to 34 ATP (per glucose). The final hydrogen acceptor for the H+ ions is Oxygen. 12 H2+ + 6 O212 H2O 34 ATP http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html

  27. Per Glucose : ETC = 34 ATP Glycolysis = 2 ATP Kreb Cycle = 2 ATP 38 ATP Aerobic Respiration Equation C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + 38 ATP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg

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