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Roy A. Lacey

Roy A. Lacey. What do flow measurements tell us about the Hot QCD matter created in RHIC Collisions ?. The Central Question. t = - z / c. t = z / c. e Bjorken ~ 5 - 15 GeV/fm 3 ~ 35 – 100 ε 0. 0. z :collision axis. Gold nucleus. Gold nucleus. v ~0.99 c.

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Roy A. Lacey

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  1. Roy A. Lacey What do flow measurements tell us about the Hot QCD matter created in RHIC Collisions ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  2. The Central Question Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  3. t = -z/c t = z/c eBjorken~ 5 - 15 GeV/fm3 ~ 35 – 100 ε0 0 z:collision axis Gold nucleus Gold nucleus v~0.99c A “little Bang” occurs in RHIC collisions t Thermalized partonic Fluid! QGP? Challenge:  Develop Constraints for the Properties of the QGP ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  4. Detailed integral and differential Measurements now available for Why Flow Measurements? From ET Distributions Control Params. Expect Large Pressure Gradients  Hydro Flow Substantial elliptic, hexadecapole, etc flow signals should be present for a variety of particle species   Constraints for thermalization, pressure, sound speed, viscosity, etc. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  5. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  6. Buda Lund Hydro Model nucl-th/0310040 ( WHY ? ) P System size independence How to tell if Flow is Hydrodynamic • Fluid hydrodynamics is scale invariant. • Important parameters There are several generic scaling predictions that can be readily tested; v2 should scale with KET Relationship between harmonics is specific All scaling tests can be validated Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  7. Eccentricity Scaling ? Data validates the Hydro prediction that v2 scales with “a proxy eccentricity” & system size Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  8. Molnar et al. We understand this Why “proxy ε’’ Scaling? x k There are sound reasons for “Proxy ε’’ scaling! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  9. v2 = ? e Eccentricity Scaling ? http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/nucl-ex/0610037 Misleading !! Which ε scaling ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  10. “eccentricity’’ Scaling? The clincher ! “Proxy ε scaling’’ validated Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  11. Baryons Mesons PHENIX Pub KET Scaling? P KET scaling validated Quark Degrees of Freedom Evident Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  12. Flow is Partonic and Universal v2 for the D follows that of other mesons v2 for the φ follows that of other mesons A Phase with Quark-like dynamical degrees of freedom Dominates the flow Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  13. The partonic fluid is Strongly coupled? KET & nq2 scaling validated for v4 Quark recombination extend to lower pT/KET Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  14. The partonic fluid is thermalized Quark Degrees of Freedom Evident Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  15. The partonic fluid is thermalized • Lessons • Dynamic recombination • 2. Partonic Thermalization! • 3. Strongly coupled QGP Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  16. nucl-ex/0610029 A Remarkable Scaling of the fine structure of Elliptic Flow is observed at RHIC At midrapidity v2 (pt,M,b,A)/n = F(KET/n)*ε(b,A) This scaling validates the predictions of “perfect fluid” hydrodynamics and serve as an important constraint for several transport coefficients Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  17. v2/ε for <pT> ~ 0.45 GeV/c cs ~ 0.35 ±0.05 (cs2 ~ 0.12), soft EOS F. Karsch, hep-lat/0601013 See nucl-ex/0604011 for details Speed of sound & Pressure Estimate Hydro Calculations (Bhalerao et al.) The EOS is harder than that for the hadron gas but softer than that for QGP  no strong first order phase transition Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  18. F. Karsch, hep-lat/0601013 The expected saturation of v2 Is observed Phys.Rev.Lett.94:232302,2005 Saturation of Elliptic flow consistent with a soft EOS associated with Crossover Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  19. Lacey et al. PRL 98:092301 Transport Coefficient Estimates - I Model Comparison 1-2 X the conjectured lower bound Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  20. Transport Coefficient from Transport C. Greiner et al Thermalization facilitated by 23 processes Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  21. Small viscosity results in large suppression An estimate of the scattering power Strong Jet Quenching is consistent with a low viscosity partonic fluid Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  22. High pT trigger Same-Side Jet x10 x20 Setting an upper limit on The viscosity QCD Sonic Boom Gives sound speed directly; Sets upper limit on viscosity. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  23. High pT trigger Same-Side Jet Assoc. pTs Deflected jet Mach Cone Away-Side Jet Validation test of the use of two event mixing to remove 2+1 processes (2+1) processes efficiently removed via two-event mixing to obtain true three particle correlations Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  24. Simulated Deflected jet Simulated Mach Cone True 3PC jet correlations QCD Sonic Boom? Data Total 3PC jet correlations The data validates the presence of a Mach Cone away-side jet Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  25. Lacey et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.98:092301 hep-lat/0406009 hep-ph/0604138 Curves to guide the eye Nonaka et al. Low Suggest trajectories close to the critical point ? Hints of the CEP? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  26. Kharzeev-Tuchin Meyer are a potent signals for the CEP How to find the CEP? First estimate T ~ 165-170 μ ~ 150-180 MeV Need two energies immediately Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  27. Epilogue • Flow measurements tell us that the hot QCD matter created at RHIC is a strongly coupled plasma that: • flows as a (nearly) perfect fluid with systematic patterns consistent with quark degrees of freedom. • has a soft EOS and a viscosity to entropy density ratio close to the conjectured quantum bound – a value lower than for any other known fluid. • A Wealth of other Experimental Results Provide Constraints • for first estimates of the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties • of the plasma Extracted Transport Coefficients Suggest Decay Trajectories “close’’ to the Critical End Point (CEP) First estimate T ~ 165-170 μ ~ 150-180 MeV Need two energies immediately Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  28. Elliptic Flow at SPS (Pb+Pb at 158 GeV, NA49) v2 of p, π, Λ - C. Alt et al (NA49 collaboration) nucl-ex/0606026 submitted to PRL V2 of K0 (preliminary) - G. Stefanek for NA49 collaboration (nucl-ex/0611003) Scaling ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  29. New ! Expand R(q) and S(r) in Cartesian Harmonic basis (Danielewicz and Pratt nucl-th/0501003) Source function (Distribution of pair separations) Correlation function Encodes FSI Is the Matter Short-lived? Two particle Interferometry Studies Substitute (2) and (3) into (1) 3D Koonin Pratt Eqn. Inversion of this integral equation  Source Function Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  30. Fitting with truncated expansion series ! Danielewicz Correlation Moments The basis L=0 L=2 The Matter is Short-lived? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  31. Correlation Moments Source Function NR R A Broad Distribution of Relative Emission Times Accounts for the data The Matter is Short-lived? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  32. High pT trigger High pT trigger Same-Side Jet Same-Side Jet Deflected jet Mach Cone Normal Jet High pT trigger Same-Side Jet Assoc. pTs Away-Side Jet 3-Particle di-jet correlations allow a distinction between different mechanistic scenarios ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  33. Moore & Teaney Transport Coefficient estimate -II + Molnar Transport Model comparison D-meson essentially thermal Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  34. Flow at RHIC ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  35. Eccentricity scaled v2 -- Hydro Bhalerao, Blaizot, Borghini, Ollitrault : Phys.Lett.B627:49-54,2005 Eccentricity scaled v2 has a relatively strong dependence on cs Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  36. Quark number Scaling – Partonic Flow nucl-ex/0604011 PHENIX preliminary Fries Phys. Rev. C68, 2003 • Apparent Quark number scaling Consistent with quark-like degrees of freedom in the initial flowing matter Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  37. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  38. * * * * High pT (1) f f q Df 12 13 12 Same Side Assoc. pTs (2,3) _ Away Side = D q* D = Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  39. Scaling breaks Baryons scale together Mesons scale together Transverse kinetic energy scaling P PHENIX preliminary • Elliptic flow scales with KET up to KET ~1 GeV • consistent with hydro mass scaling • Possible hint of quark degrees of freedom become apparent at higher KET Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  40. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  41. Beam Energy dependence (PHENIX) Phys.Rev.Lett.94:232302,2005 The observed saturation of differential elliptic flow suggests a soft EoS Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  42. Elliptic flow of D meson Simulations: Shingo Sakai (PHENIX) (See SQM2006, HQ2006 Talks and proceedings for details) • expected D meson v2 from non-photonic electron v2 (pT < 2.0 GeV/c) The D meson not only flows, it scales over the measured range Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  43. KET/n scaling across collision centralities KET/n scaling observed across centralities Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  44. KET/n scaling and system size (AuAu/CuCu) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  45. Different influence for partonic flow Hadronic re-scattering can influence the flow Pre vs. post hadronic collectivity ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  46. Why the φ meson ? • φ meson has a very small σ for interactions with non-strange particles • φ meson has a relatively long lifetime (~41 fm/c) -> decays outside the fireball • Previous measurements have ruled out the K+K- coalescence as φ meson production mechanism -> information should not be changed by hadronic phase • φ is a meson but as heavy as baryons (p, Λ ) : m(φ)~1.019 GeV/c2 ; (m(p)~0.938 GeV/c2: m(Λ)~1.116 GeV/c2) -> very important test for v2 at intermediate pt ( mass or meson/baryon effect?) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  47. Elliptic flow of resonance particles Before subtraction Signal + Background Background After subtraction Using the robust method for study the elliptic flow of resonance particle developed by N. Borghini and J.Y. Ollitrault (Phys.Rev.C70:064905,2004) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  48. Elliptic Flow of φ meson at RHIC v2 for the φ follows that of other mesons v2/n vs KET/n scaling clearly works for φmesons Favors pre-hadronic scenario ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  49. The Charm of D meson flow Heavy quark relaxation time Moore & Teaney Equilibration rate Diffusion Coefficient V2 of charm quark can provide invaluable access to the diffusion coefficient (D) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  50. Overall Scaling of Elliptic Flow at RHIC Particles flow with common velocity field Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

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