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New Perspectives and Programs in Italy for Advanced Applications of High Brightness Beams

New Perspectives and Programs in Italy for Advanced Applications of High Brightness Beams. Luca Serafini INFN-Milan and University of Milan. Genesis of a Program for an Italian Coherent X-ray Source : Fasella Panel & the PNR (Nat. Research Plan)

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New Perspectives and Programs in Italy for Advanced Applications of High Brightness Beams

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  1. New Perspectives and Programs in Italy for Advanced Applications of High Brightness Beams Luca Serafini INFN-Milan and University of Milan • Genesis of a Program for an Italian Coherent X-ray Source :Fasella Panel& thePNR (Nat. Research Plan) • The F.I.S.R. Call for Proposals (11 M¤): the Project SPARC @ LNF-INFN(9.5 M¤)is selected • The F.I.R.B.Call (96 M¤): the 2 Proposals SPARX (ENEA/CNR/INFN/Tor Vergata Un.)andFermi@Elettra(INFM/ST) aiming at building a 1.5 nm SASE-FEL ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  2. Why a Coherent X-ray Source in Italy ? X-ray sources over the last 100 years SASE-FELs will allow an unprecedented upgrade in Source Brilliance ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  3. Covering from the VUV to the 1 Å X-ray spectral range ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  4. This Ultra-Bright Coherent Radiation opens up new Research Frontiers in several fields: • Atomic physics • Plasma and warm dense matter • Femtosecond chemistry • Life science • Single Biological molecules and clusters • Imaging / holography • Micro and nano lithography X-rays are the ideal probe for determining the structure of matter on the atomic and molecular scale ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  5. Radiation properties of a “4th generation source” FELs ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  6. What does it take to build a SASE X-ray FEL? Electron Beam Energy13 ÷50 GeV Normalized Emittance1.6 mm-mrad Peak Current 5.0 kA Energy spread2.5 MeV TESLA-FELLinac - UndulatorParameters Undulator Period3 cm Undulator Length100 m Undulator Parameter 1.7 Wavelength1÷5 Å Peak Coherent Power 37 GW Peak Brightness * 8.3 1033 Average Brightness * 4.9 1025 * photons/sec/mm2/mrad2/0.1%-BW 100 M¤ 1 G¤Initiative ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  7. In 1998 Three Crucial Aspects of this Scenario drove the National Scientific Community and the Italian Dept. of Research (M.U.R.S.T.) to undertake a concrete initiative • Funding Requirements and Man Power Requested for such a Program • Strong and Wide Interdisciplinary Interest of National Res. Institutes (ENEA, CNR, INFN, INFM) • Existence of Two Major Proposals in the Intern. Scenario (LCLS @ SLAC & TESLA-FEL @ DESY) strongly linked to serious R&D effort in the High Brightness Beam Field ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  8. A Strong Push from Arcidosso 2000 The 19th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Future Light Sources Physics and Science with The X-ray Free-Electron Laser (Arcidosso, Italy, September 10-15, 2000) C. Pellegrini and M. Cornacchia • The Italian Community gathers under the auspices of that scientific environment • The real work starts to prepare a proposal (among others, A. Renieri, M. Ferrario, M. Mattioli, L. Palumbo, P. Perfetti, LS, G. D’Auria) ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  9. The Milestones • 1998 - The Fasella Panel • A panel lead by Paolo Fasella held a meeting in Sept. 1998 at the Nat. Res. Dept., focused on the realisation in Italy of a Ultra-high Brilliance X-ray Source : among others (A.Renieri, P.Perfetti, E.Iarocci, P.Laurelli, G.Vignola, G. Margaritondo) C. Rubbia and Björn Wiik , attending the meeting, strongly encouraged the preparation of a proposal to the Italian Government. Summaries of the meeting came out with serious recommendations to the Gov. to fund future initiatives in the field • 2000 – PNR (National Research Plan) • The Italian Gov. responded by allocating 96 M¤ for a • Multi-purpose X-ray Laser with Ultra-High Brilliance • + 11 M¤ for R&D activity focused on SASE-FEL’s driven by High Brightness Electron Beams ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  10. The National Research Plan (PNR) • Funded by 10% of the money raised in the Government Auction run in 2000 for Next Gen. Cellular Network licences (UMTS), it encompasses 10 programs (Genoma, Nanotechnologies, X-ray laser, etc.) for a total of 1033 M¤ . • Large Infrastructures (a section of PNR)were foreseen for 2 initiatives: 1) Multi-purpose X-ray Laser with Ultra-High Brilliance96 M¤ 2) Center for the climate study of the Mediterranean 21 M¤ aiming at driving and/or consolidating the development of european initiatives • The Italian Gov. responded to the recommendation by the Fasella PanelNational Research Institutions were supposed to prepare proposals: 67 M¤ will cover the 70% of the budget (hardware). The additional 30%(man power) has to be added by Institutions (or Collaboration) winning the call for proposals ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  11. Two tools for funding the X-ray FEL Program: FISR (fondo integrativo speciale ricerca) for R&D FIRB (fondo investimenti ricerca di base) for FEL • FISR (Fondo Integrativo Speciale Ricerca) • Call for proposals published in February 2001 • 11 M¤ allocated for R&D on • Innovative components for high intensity VUV and X, coherent and incoherent multi-purpose sources • Joint proposal by CNR-ENEA-INFN-Tor Vergata Univ.-INFM-ST for a 150 MeV ultrabrilliant photoinjector and a UV-SASE experiment ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  12. TASKS • INFN : ultra-brilliant photoinjector at 150 MeV 4.4 M¤ • Control the beam emittance • Control the energy spread • Compress the bunch-length by a factor >5 • Explore the feasibility of the RF compressor • ENEA : undulator for SASE-FEL @ 520-150 nm (green-UV) 3.2 M¤ • Investigate the mechanism of High Order Harmonics generation • CNR : Optics for X-rays manipulation 1.3 M¤ • INFM : Soft X-ray Source 0.6 M¤ The rev. committee selected the Project SPARC in December 2001 with 85% allocation of the requested budget (9.5 M¤ vs. 11 M¤) ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  13. 150 MeV Photo-injector R&D proposed at LNF 8 m Frequency: 2856 MHz Normal Conducting GUN PARAMETERSLINAC PARAMETERS Peak Field:120-140 MV/m (15 MW)Accelerating Field:25-30 MV/m (50 MW) Solenoid Field:0.3 TeslaSolenoid Field:0.1 Tesla Charge: 1 nCBeam Energy:150 MeV Laser: 10 ps x 1 mm(Flat Top) 3 Major Components ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  14. courtesy of D. T. Palmer 10 copies of this gun operated routinely around the world (USA, Japan): it holds the emittance record ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  15. Laser System ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  16. Achieving Uniform Bunch Distributions using Flat-Top Laser Pulses @ Sumitomo SHI + FESTA Temporal distributions of shaped UV laser pulses by a X-ray streak camera Square pulse shape Gaussian pulse shape Courtesy of F. Sakai • The flatness of square-shaped laser pulse: 5~25% @ 4~14 ps FWHM • The fluctuation of shaped pulse length: 7% (pulse-to-pulse)@both shapes ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  17. Achieving Record Emittances @ Sumitomo SHI + FESTA Emittance measurements for gaussian and square laser pulse shapes pmm-mrad/nC pmm-mrad Gaussian(9ps) 1.85±0.13 0.83±0.05 Square (9ps) 0.92±0.05 0.81±0.03 The reduction of the linear space-charge emittance for the square pulse shape: ~50%. Laser pulse length: 9ps FWHM Courtesy of F. Sakai ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  18. S-band photoinjector up to 150 MeV, HOMDYN simulation (RF Gun + 2 Traveling Wave Structures) Q=1nC, L=10ps, R=1 mm, Epeak=140 MV/m, TW Eacc = 25 MV/m Matching onto the Local Emittance Max. Ferrario’s working point, adopted by LCLS and TTF-FEL II injectors Final emittance = 0.4 mm ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  19. NEW CONCEPTSVelocity Bunching in Photoinjectors i.e. Compression during Acceleration • Alternative option of bunch compressionhigh brightness sub-ps beams (as needed by X-Ray SASE Fel’s) • Compression is rectilinear (no Coherent Synch. Radiation effects), based on longitudinal focusing in slow RF waves • Performed at low energy (10-80 MeV), fully integratedinto the emittance correction process (for maximum brightness) LS and M. Ferrario, AIP 581 (2001) 87 ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  20. Velocity Bunching, an example on LCLS injector Standard v=c structure Slow wave structure Compression during acceleration Current scaling with energy ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  21. SPARCProject @ INFN-LNF Collab. Among ENEA-INFN-CNR- Univ. Roma2-ST- INFM C. Ronsivalle ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  22. SPARC Linac located in an existing underground Bunker@ LNF ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  23. ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  24. A view of the complex with Shielding Ground removed ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  25. A view of the complex with Shielding Ground and building roof removed ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  26. ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  27. Bunker is available as of today with utilities:it needs to be cleaned up ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  28. ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  29. ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  30. SPARC Lay-out ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  31. SPARC Linac: the Time Table We are waiting for delivery of the funding to our Institutions: released by a Techn. Committee of the Res. Department (MIUR) ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  32. FIRB (Fondo InvestimentiRicerca di Base) • Call for proposals published in December 2001 • 96 M¤ allocated for the realization of an • Ultra-brilliant multi-purpose pulsed X-Rays Laser. • SPARX proposal submitted on Feb. 26th 2002 by a collaboration among CNR-ENEA-INFN-Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” • Fermi@Elettra proposal submitted by INFM & Sincrotrone Trieste ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  33. SPARX Study Group CNR Avaldi L., Camilloni R. (I.M.I.P.-C.N.R.) Carbone C., Colonna S., Cricenti A., De Padova I.P., Lagomarsino S., Ottaviani C., Perfetti P., Prosperi T., Quaresima C., Rossi Albertini V., Zema N. (I.S.M.-C.N.R.) Pifferi A. (I.C.-C.N.R.) ENEA R. Bartolini, F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, A. Doria, F. Flora, G. P. Gallerano, L. Giannessi, E. Giovenale, G. Messina, L. Mezi, P. L. Ottaviani, L.Picardi, M. Quattromini, A. Renieri e C. Ronsivalle. INFN D.Alesini, S.Bertolucci, M. E. Biagini, C.Biscari, R.Boni, M.Boscolo, M.Castellano, A.Clozza, G. Di Pirro, A.Drago, A.Esposito, M.Ferrario, V.Fusco, A.Gallo, A.Ghigo, S.Guiducci, M.Incurvati, P.Laurelli, C.Ligi, F.Marcellini, M. Migliorati, C.Milardi, L.Palumbo, L.Pellegrino, M.Preger, R.Ricci, C.Sanelli, F.Sgamma, B.Spataro, A.Stecchi, A.Stella, F.Tazzioli, C.Vaccarezza, M.Vescovi, V.Verzilov, C.Vicario, M.Zobov (INFN /LNF) E. Acerbi, F.Alessandria, D.Barni, G.Bellomo, C. Birattari, M.Bonardi, I.Boscolo, A.Bosotti, F.Broggi, S.Cialdi, C.DeMartinis, D.Giove, C.Maroli, P.Michelato, L.Monaco, C.Pagani, V.Petrillo, P.Pierini, L. Serafini, D.Sertore, G.Volpini (INFN /Milano) E. Chiadroni, G. Felici, D. Levi , M. Mastrucci, M.Mattioli, G. S. Petrarca (INFN /Roma1) UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA “TOR VERGATA” S. Stucchi, D. Flamini, C. Schaerf, L. Catani, A Cianchi, A. Desideri, S. Morante, S. Piccirillo, N. Rosato, V. Sessa, M.L. Terranova ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  34. What can we do with 67 M¤ (+30% m.p.)? Which Linac for what FEL lr? • This is the first X-ray FEL initiative for which the Linacis not available or provided by other programs • The study group decided to start a broad band investigation to compare different schemes and technologies • The aim was to develop a program able to reach a wavelength range of interest (i.e. with a good scientific case), consistent with the available budget. • As indicated by the Presidents of the collaborating Institutions, the project is meant to be evolutionary, that is compatible to a long term upgrade expected to reach the final goal of a 1 Å Coherent Radiation Source ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  35. A goodScientific Casein the 10 nm Þ 1 nm range: High Peak Brightness ( > 1030 ) Ultra-short (< 100 fs) radiation pulses are of great interest in various areas Steps at 10 nm and 1.5 nm, paving the road toward 1 Å l L. Giannessi ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  36. E [GeV] 2.5 Dg/g [%] 0.1 I [kA] 2.5 lu [cm] 3 K 1.669 Gap [mm] 12 3D simulation with GENESIS ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  37. Which technology for a 2.5 GeV Linac with long term evolution toward 1 Å? • 2.5 GeV is consistent with l = 1.5 nm • l[nm]1.5Þ1 Å • I [kA] 2.5Þ3-5 • en [mm] 2(1)Þ@ 1 • Dg/g [%]£ 0.1 Þ@ 0.07 • T [GeV] 2.5Þ@ 10 ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  38. Examined two solutions: S-band Room-Temperature 150 MeV 700 A 1 GeV 700 A 2.5 GeV 2.5 kA Magnetic Compressor S-band Photoinector with RF Compressor RF Gun + 4 SLAC TW SLAC TW Acc. Structures SLAC TW Acc. Structures Eacc = 18-20 MeV/m 200 m ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  39. R56=40 mm T=1 GeV I=700 -> 2 kA With RF compression M. Ferrario ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  40. L-band Super-Conducting 6 MeV 50 A 3 TESLA Criomodules 10 TESLA Criomodules L-band RF Gun M.C. 150 MeV 800 A 500 MeV 800 A 2.5 GeV 2.5 kA S-band Photoinector with RF Compressor RF Gun + 4 SLAC TW ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  41. (S-band) en=0.42 mm @ I = 100 A (L-band) en=0.8 mm @ I = 50 A ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  42. L-band injector + Linac ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  43. 4 m 3 m 5 m 4 m Ondulatore 3 m Ondulatore 8m ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  44. 0 m 2.5 GeV 210 m 10 GeV 735 m 1500 m 100 m ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  45. Cost of a 1.5 nm source Costs (in M¤) are expected to be restricted to Linac 34 Undulators 10 Radiation beam lines 10 Contingency 13 Linac’s Cost Estimates are: L-band Linac (Tesla type) 40 (injector included) S-band Linac (Slac type) 32 (injector included) Infrastructures: 12.5 M¤ (funding request subm. to reg. gov.) ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  46. Conclusions on SPARX • The budget is consistent with the goal of 1.5 nm • We have an innovative solution for the Linac lay-out which appears to relax the criticality of beam compression • We have identified two possible options : • S-band Linac is technologically simpler and less expensive • L-band Linac with add. S-band injector requires a stronger effort and larger cost but offers more flexibility w.r.t. the evolution toward 1 Å. • The facility can be built inside the “TorVergata” Campus ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  47. FERMI@ELETTRAA Linac based Ultra-bright Photon Source@ 3rd gen. Light Source site The project is articulated along three lines of development allowing gradual improvements and consolidation of technologies 1) Use of the existing 1.0 GeV linac with a new photoinjector and bunch compressor(s) for the production of 40 nm radiation. Commissioning of 40 nm beamline after 2.5 years. Open to Users after 3.5 years. 2) Use of the linac with increased beam quality for a second beamline at 10 nm. Commissioning of beamline after 3.5 years. Open to Users after 4.5 years. 3) Extension of the linac to an operation energy of 3.0 GeV and increased improvement of beam quality for the production of 1.5 nm radiation. Done in parallel with other developments. Commissioning after 5.5 years and open to Users after 6.5 years. ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  48. Linac Tunnel (Extension) Beamlines from ELETTRA Linac Building (Actual) Undulator Building Experimental FEL Hall FERMI@ELETTRA Layout ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  49. Electron beam parameters Brightness of ELETTRA Photon Sources Undulator parameters Photon parameters FERMI@ELETTRA Associated Parameters ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

  50. FERMI@ELETTRA Seeding Seed schemes will be used at 40 and 10 nm, permitting Stability Reproducibility Temporal control For 1.2 nm the development, if possible, of a seed scheme otherwise SASE Various Seeding techniques are “available” High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) has been considered ICFA Workshop on “ The Physics & Applications of High Brightness Beams ”

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