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证 ： (a) 封闭性： · = ( (x))= (x) ； · = ( (x))= (1-x)=1/(1-x)= (x) ；同理一一列举可得任意 都属于 G ； (b) 结合律成立：运算相当于把前面的计算结果带入到后面的函数中，对于该数学运算，运算的先后顺序与结果无关。结合律成立。 (c) 存在单位元： e= ； (d) 存在逆元素： =e ； · =e ； · =e ； · = · =e ； · =e ； 　满足群的条件，得证。. 返回.

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7.83

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  1. 证：(a)封闭性： · = ( (x))= (x)； · = ( (x))= (1-x)=1/(1-x)= (x)；同理一一列举可得任意 都属于G；(b)结合律成立：运算相当于把前面的计算结果带入到后面的函数中，对于该数学运算，运算的先后顺序与结果无关。结合律成立。(c)存在单位元：e= ；(d)存在逆元素： =e； · =e； · =e； · = · =e； · =e；　满足群的条件，得证。 返回

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