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Chapters 4–5

Chapters 4–5. The verb “to be” Adjectives and agreement Uses of the ablative Prepositions Adverbs. 1. The verb “to be”. cōgitō ergō sum amō ergō sum … labōrō ergo sum …. 1. The verb “to be”. cōgitō ergō sum cōgitās ergō es cōgitat ergō est cōgitāmus ergō sumus cōgitātis ergō estis

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Chapters 4–5

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  1. Chapters 4–5 The verb “to be” Adjectives and agreement Uses of the ablative Prepositions Adverbs

  2. 1. The verb “to be” cōgitōergōsum amōergō sum … labōrō ergo sum …

  3. 1. The verb “to be” cōgitōergōsum cōgitāsergōes cōgitatergōest cōgitāmusergōsumus cōgitātisergōestis cōgitantergōsunt cōgitāresoleō, ergōessedēbeō … I tend to think, therefore I ought to exist … principal parts: sum, esse, fuī, futūrus

  4. 1. The verb “to be” Two senses cōgitōergōsum I think therefore I am esse, autnōnesse? To be, or not to be? suntNocturnae!! … Witches exist (there are witches)!!… est locus … A place exists (there is a place) … cōgitōbene, ergō bonus sum I think well, therefore I am good … et quod sursumestdeorsumfaciunt and what is up, they make down. nihilbonumestquod nōnesthonestum Nothing is good that is not honorable. Christiānussum, nōnCicerōniānus I am a Christian, not a Ciceronian.

  5. 1. The verb “to be” Two senses cōgitōergōsum I think therefore I am esse, autnōnesse? To be, or not to be? suntNocturnae!! … Witches exist (there are witches)!! … cōgitōbene, ergō bonus sum I think well, therefore I am good LINKING (“COPULA”) … et quod sursumestdeorsumfaciunt and what is up, they make down. nihilbonumestquod nōnesthonestum Nothing is good that is not honorable. Christiānussum, nōnCicerōniānus I am a Christian, not a Ciceronian. EXISTENTIAL existential est: often first in the sentence

  6. 1. The verb “to be” Truly existential … By Roman Hands 50: N – F – F – N – S – N – C Nōnfuī. Fuī. Nōn sum. Nōncūrō.

  7. 2. Adjectives Christiānus sum, nōnCicerōniānus —St. Jerome (4th c. CE) Principal parts: Christiānus, -a, -um bonus, -a, -um malus, -a, -um aeger, aegra, aegrum noster, nostra, nostrum līber, lībera, līberum Sometimes derived from nouns: ChristusChristiānus Cicerō Cicerōniānus Rōma  Rōmānus deus  dīvīnus

  8. 1. Adjectives declined

  9. 2. Adjectiveslinked to nouns or on their own vir is merely implied the second time round (“gapping”, or “ellipsis”) bonus virsum, nōnmalusvir bonus virsum, nōnmalus I am a good man, not a bad (man). bonus sum, nōnmalus bona sum, non mala bonumest, nōnmalum. “Man”, “woman”, “thing”—depending on gender of adjective. “Substantive” use of adjective: noun merely implied.

  10. 2. Adjectives agreement with noun according to number, gender, and case E.G. NOMINATIVE NOUNS WITH NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVES Now in the genitive plural … agricolārumbonōrum rosārumbonārum templōrumbonōrum

  11. 2. AdjectivesAgreement also in linking contexts episcopus bonus episcopusestbonus episcopusesse bonus dēbet, nōnmalus

  12. 3. Uses of the ablative MEANS/ INSTRUMENT oculīsvidēmus We see with (by means of) our eyes templumincendiōconsumptum a temple consumed by fire LOCATION SEPARATION and combined with certain prepositions … ABLATIVE CASE ACCOMPANIMENT (typically with cum + person in abl.) cum puerōpuellāqueamubulāmus We walk with the boy and girl MANNER (typically with cum + thing in ablative) bonō cum animōnāvigāmus We sail with (in) a good state of mind.

  13. 4. Prepositions sub: a preposition that “takes” the ablative Vīperamsub ālānūtrīcās You are nourishing a viper under your wing. —addressed to Trimalchio in Petronius, Satyrica

  14. 4. Prepositions

  15. 4. Prepositions

  16. 4. Prepositions Proverb toolkit ēterrā ad caelum From earth to heaven imperium (n. sg. power) sapientia (f. sg. wisdom) consilium (n. pl. strategy) arma (n. pl. arms) regnum (n. sg. kingship) cūra (f. sg. care, anxiety) angusta (n. pl. narrows) alta(n. pl. heights) astra (n. pl. stars) terra (f. sg. earth) silva (f. sg. forest) pontus (m. sg. sea) caelum (n. sg. heaven, sky)

  17. 5. Adverbs nōncōgitō, ergōnōn sum nunc tandem nōnsaepealtēcōgitō, ergōnuncnōnsum 

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