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1. A. Predict the offspring from a cross between a purebred tall pea plant and a hybrid tall plant. Use T for tall and t for short. Give the genotypes. Purebred Tall = 1.____ Hybrid Tall = 2.____ Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. (3) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? _______ (4) What is the probability that a plant would be short? _______ (5) What is the percent of tall____ and short_____?

2. T t T TT Tt T TT Tt A. Predict the offspring from a cross between a purebred tall pea plant and a hybrid tall plant. Use T for tall and t for short. Give the genotypes. Purebred Tall =1. ____ Hybrid Tall = 2.____ Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. (3) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? (4) What is the probability that a plant would be short? (5) What is the percent of tall____ and short_____ ? TT Tt 4/4 0/4 100% 0%

3. B. Predict the offspring from a cross between two hybrid tall pea plants. • Give the genotype for a hybrid tall plant. ______ • Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. • (2) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? _____ • (3) What is the probability that a plant would be short? _____ • (5) If you were to plant 100 seeds from this cross, how many would you expect to be tall? (4)How many short?

4. T t T TT Tt t Tt tt B. Predict the offspring from a cross between two hybrid tall pea plants. (1) Give the genotype for a hybrid tall plant. ______ Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. (2) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? (3) What is the probability that a plant would be short? (5) If you were to plant 100 seeds from this cross, how many would you expect to be tall? (4)How many short? Tt 75% 25% 75% of 100 = 75 plants 25% of 100 = 25 plants

5. Punnett Practice SpongeBob T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

6. A. One of SpongeBob’s cousins with hybrid round eyes (Rr) had children with someone who also had hybrid round eyes (Rr). 1. Create a Punnett square to show the possible offspring that would result from this cross. 2. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. 3. What percentage of the children should have round eyes? B. Another of SpongeBob’s cousins with hybrid round eyes (Rr) had children with someone who has oval eyes (rr). 4. Create a Punnett square to show the possible offspring that would result from this cross. 5. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. 6. What percentage of the children should have round eyes?

7. R r R RR Rr r Rr rr A. One of SpongeBob’s cousins with hybrid round eyes (Rr) had children with someone who also had hybrid round eyes (Rr). 1. Create a Punnett square to show the possible offspring that would result from this cross. 2. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. 3. What percentage of the children should have round eyes? RR = Round eyesRr = Round eyesrr = Oval eyes 75%

8. r r R Rr Rr r rr rr B. One of Sponge Bob’s cousins with hybrid round eyes (Rr) had children with someone who has oval eyes (rr). 4. Create a Punnett square to show the possible offspring that would result from this cross. 5. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. 6. What percentage of the children should have round eyes? Rr = Round eyesrr = Oval eyes 50%

9. Harry Potter and the Recessive Allele How Are Wizards Made?

10. How Are Wizards Made? • Being a wizard or a Muggle is all decided by genetics. • All humans including wizards receive one allele from each parent.

11. How Are Wizards Made? • The allele for Muggleness is M. • Muggles have the alleles Mm or MM.

12. How Are Wizards Made? • The allele for wizarding ability is m. • Wizards have the alleles mm. • M is dominant to m so you can only be a wizard if you have no M allele.

13. The Malfoys Narcissa Malfoy (mm) Lucius Malfoy (mm) Draco Malfoy ( ) m m The Malfoys are a ‘pure blood’ family. All their ancestors are wizards so they must have the alleles mm.

14. The Potters James Potter (mm) Lily Potter (mm) Harry Potter m m Both Harry’s parents had magical ability so they must both have been mm. They passed these alleles on to Harry.

15. The Weasleys are pure blood wizards so they all have the alleles mm.

16. Hermione is a powerful witch so she must be mm. Both her parents are Muggles so they must be Mm in order to have given her a m allele each. Mm Mm mm

17. Tom Riddle is a ‘half blood’. His mother was a witch (mm) and his father was a Muggle. His father must have had the alleles Mm so he could give him the other m allele. Mm mm mm

18. Filch is a ‘squib’. A squib is a wizard that cannot perform magic. Both his parents are mm so he should be too because he can’t get an M allele from either parent, but he can’t do any magic. This means one of his genes must have mutated.

19. What wizarding alleles would Ron and Hermione’s children have? Hermione (mm) Ron (mm) Children m m

20. Their children could only get the m allele from both parents so they would all be wizards. m m m m m m m m

21. What wizarding alleles would Ginny and Dudley’s children have? If Dudley is Mm: Dudley Mm Ginny mm Children WW or mM M m m m

22. Half of their children would be likely to get the m allele from both parents so they would be wizards. The other half would be likely to get an M allele from Dudley and would be Muggles. m m M m M m m m

23. What wizarding alleles would Ginny and Dudley’s children have? If Dudley is MM: Dudley MM Ginny mm Children WM m M

24. Their children would get the m allele from Ginny and the M allele from Dudley so they would all be Muggles. M m M m M M m m

25. What wizarding alleles would you expect Hermione’s brothers and sisters to have?

26. The Granger’s children have a one in four chance of getting m alleles from both parents and having magical ability. They also have a one in four chance of getting M alleles from both parents and being a Muggle. They could also get only one m from their mother or father and still be a Muggle. m m M m M M M m

27. Genetics… Twins ! • Fraternal Twins… • 2 egg cells… 2 sperm cells… • Totally different DNA… Sperm Cell Egg Cell • Girl • Brown Eyes, Brown Hair • Boy • Blue Eyes, Blond Hair

28. Fraternal Twins

29. Genetics… Twins ! • Identical Twins… • 1 egg cell… 1 sperm cell… • Totally identical DNA… 3. Two separate “Identical” babies 1. Fertilization 2. Mitosis * 14 days later

30. Identical Twins

31. Genetics… Twins ! • Conjoined Twins… • Were supposed to be identical twins… • Failed to separate completely… • Joined at hips, shoulder, head, etc…

32. Conjoined Twins

33. "Siamese" Twins

35. Genetics… Twins !Test • 1. How do Fraternal Twins occur ? • 2. How do Identical Twins occur ? • 3. How do Conjoined Twins occur ?

36. Weird Genetics

37. Mutations A change in genetic information • Can occur randomly (naturally) • Or can be deliberately caused in the laboratory by scientists • Inherited • Not always harmful http://www.accessexcellence.org/

38. Natural Mutations

39. These are not albinos; they have pigmented eyes.

40. White Bengal Tiger

41. ALBINOS • Little or no pigmentation in the eyes, skin, and hair (or in some cases in the eyes alone). • Inherited an altered copy of a gene that does not work correctly. • The altered gene does not allow the body to make the usual amounts of a pigment called "melanin". • True albinos have pink eyes and skin.

43. White Bluebonnets

44. Pink Bluebonnets

50. HUMAN INTERVENTION