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David DEMANGE

Tritium coupled phenomena in solid breeder blanket concepts: state of the art and rationale for future work plan. David DEMANGE. Content. Introduction to TBM CA and Predictive Tools Group Coupled phenomena: material & environmental parameters Proposal for experiments in ITER TBM

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David DEMANGE

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  1. Tritium coupled phenomena in solid breeder blanket concepts: state of the art and rationale for future work plan David DEMANGE

  2. Content • Introduction to TBM CA and Predictive Tools Group • Coupled phenomena: material & environmental parameters • Proposal for experiments in ITER TBM • State of the art on simulations • State of the art on experiments • Future R&D

  3. EU TBM – Consortium of Associates

  4. EU TBM – Predictive tools group • Objective: Develop “DEMO relevant” experimental program & simulation capacity • Topics (for HCPB): • Electromagnetic • Pebble bed mechanics • Thermo hydraulic • Tritium transfer cycle • N: neutronics • Others…(coupling) • Methodology: • 1) Expression of the needs (what kind of experimentswe want to perform) • 2) State of the art and rationale of R&D programme • 3) Write and propose the programme to F4E

  5. Coupled phenomena in HCPB • …rather vague, not well defined • …intrinsically difficult and challenging for both experiments and model point of view • …elucidate T behaviour (migration and release) in ceramic breeder and beryllium multiplier under operation as it will be in the machine • …Need collaboration and cooperation of many experts

  6. Coupled phenomena – organisation

  7. Objective and methodology • Propose a list of experiments/tests to be performed in ITER with the aim to achieve a reliable TBMs testing programme • Compare the proposed tests/experiments requirements with the present state-of-the-art and assess maturity level • Propose an action list for future work plan aiming at covering the gap • Important remarks • ITER operation implies constraints and could globally restrict the possibilities (availability, invasiveness, accuracy…) • time schedule for tritium in TBM is rather late (not before 2026) • “satellites” experiments could be favoured when possible, recommended for fundamental aspects of coupled phenomena

  8. Content • Introduction to TBM CA and Predictive Tools Group • Coupled phenomena: material & environmental parameters • Proposal for experiments in ITER TBM • State of the art on simulations • State of the art on experiments • Future R&D

  9. Coupled phenomena – parameters Intrinsicparameters Environmentalparameters Tritium release parameter Macroscopic - Microscopic • Temperature (cycles) • Purge gas chemistry • Neutron flux • Magnetic field • Chemical composition • Pebble diameter • Porosity (open/closed) • Texture (grain size) • Surface chemistry • Post treatment • Defaults / voids Burn-up Damage  Which operation parameter can influence which material parameter? What consequence on tritium release after (very) long operation time? “AGEING EFFECT” To be detailed (list extension, ranking, clarification…)

  10. Matrix view of ageing effect Operating conditions Material parameters

  11. Content • Introduction to TBM CA and Predictive Tools Group • Coupled phenomena: material & environmental parameters • Proposal for experiments in ITER TBM • State of the art on simulations • State of the art on experiments • Future R&D

  12. Coupled phenomena – ITER TBM IN ITER, all effects act at the same time (discrimination impossible)  Experiments can only validate the technology (but not the science)

  13. Experiments in ITER TBM • Repeat frequently the same experiment (during DT phase) • Tritium release rate • HT/HTO ratio • Mains issues to tackle • When do changes happen? • What are the consequences on tritium release? • What are the material properties modifications? • Measurements necessary • Operational conditions (temperature, neutron fluxes,…) • Tritium measurements (on line) • Post Irradiation Examinations (tritium inventory + mechanical properties + microstructure….)

  14. Content • Introduction to TBM CA and Predictive Tools Group • Coupled phenomena: material & environmental parameters • Proposal for experiments in ITER TBM • State of the art on simulations • State of the art on experiments • Future R&D

  15. …all what follows is “only” compilation from recent peer reviewed literature to get a clear picture on state of the art for tritium coupled phenomena

  16. “Simple” simulation from US (UCLA) A. Badawi et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 273 (1999) 79 • Detailed microstructure • Surface coverage • Benchmarked with in-pile experiments (limited) M.A. Abdou et al., Fusion Technol. 18 (1990) 165

  17. “Fine” simulation from JA (Kyushu) • Water layer at the grain surface • Isotopic exchanges - gas/gas, - water/water + water formation • Benchmark with out of pile experiments(satisfactory) T. Kinjyo et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 83 (2008) 580

  18. Content • Introduction to TBM CA and Predictive Tools Group • Coupled phenomena: material & environmental parameters • Proposal for experiments in ITER TBM • State of the art on simulations • State of the art on experiments • Future R&D

  19. In pile T release (at HFRPetten) J. Van derLaan et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 39–40 (1998) 751 M.M.W. Peeters et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 82 (2007) 2318 Huge differences for different grades of same material

  20. In pile T release (WWRK & YAYOI) Y. Chikhray et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 367-370 (2007) 1028 K. Tsuchiya et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 51–52 (2000) 887 On line and real time tritium monitoring (without or with HTO/HT discrimination)

  21. Out of pile T release T. Kinjyo et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 82 (2007) 2147 T. Kinjyo et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 81 (2006) 573 Very good agreement between experiments and model especially when H2O in purge gas

  22. Purge gas and surface reactions Effect of purge gas and temperature well understood M. Nishikawa et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 335 (2004) 70

  23. Diffusion or surface limited regime M. Nishikawa et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 39-40 (1998) 615 T. Kawagoe et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 297 (2001) 27 If grain size change over long time operation…

  24. High burn up effect J. van der Laan et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 233-237 (1996) 1446 Facilitated T release with high burn up only sensitive at low temperatures

  25. Post irradiation experiments capsule 8-13 from EXOTIC-8 with 11% Li-burn-up G. Piazza et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 329–333 (2004) 1260 T release for high burn up (11%) occurs at lower temperature

  26. Long term annealing After 96 days at 970°C with He + 0.1% H2 G. Piazza et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 329–333 (2004) 1260 Microstructure, composition changed,…

  27. Effect of porosity M.M.W. Peeters et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 82 (2007) 2318 Open porosity facilitate T release, closed porosity has no effect

  28. Effect of magnetic field G. Kizane et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 75-79 (2005) 897 Magnetic field and electron radiation seem both to facilitate T release J. Tilikset al., J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388 (2009) 874

  29. Conclusions • For tritium in functional materials • huge amount of experimental results produced on tritium behaviour • understanding of fundamental phenomena is well advanced • On coupled phenomena • the system is much more difficult to apprehend • insufficient results have been produced • dedicated modelling inexistent, ageing effect not included • Accordingly it is difficult to ensure over the overall life-time of a solid blanket • self sufficiency and reasonable tritium inventory, • tritium behaviour not dramatically affected …But ageing effect and coupled phenomena seem to facilitate tritium release

  30. Content • Introduction to TBM CA and Predictive Tools Group • Coupled phenomena: material & environmental parameters • Proposal for experiments in ITER TBM • State of the art on simulations • State of the art on experiments • Future R&D

  31. Rationale for future R&D • fabrication of wide range of materials is recommended (silicate and titanate, with wide range of porosity, grain size) using the latest production routes [2010-2015] • irradiation campaign up to high burn-up and tritium measurement (in- and out-of-pile) systematically associated with post irradiation examinations of all these materials (mechanical, optical, tritium residual inventory…) [2013-2018] • development of model and simulation tools for tritium release phenomena at the pebble scale, including ageing effects, with input from experimental data on tritium release and correlation between possible coupled phenomena [2013-2018] • development and demonstration of alternative tritium measurement techniques such as advanced spectroscopic analytical techniques with the possibility to discriminate between chemical species [2013-2018]

  32. Acknowledgements to… • Experts that participated to the work - L. Magielsen, J. Van der Laan (NRG)- F. Gabriel, N. Ghirelli, (CEA)- E. Magnani, A. Klix(KIT) - L. Sedano (CIEMAT) • Major support and funding - Fusion Program from KIT - Fusion for Energy - EU TBM Consortium …Thank you for your attention

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