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The future of Particle Physics from an accelerating point of view

The future of Particle Physics from an accelerating point of view. Isabel Bejar Alonso – HL-LHC Technical Coordinator. Strategy EU - USA. Strategy USA.

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The future of Particle Physics from an accelerating point of view

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  1. The future of Particle Physics from an accelerating point of view Isabel Bejar Alonso – HL-LHC Technical Coordinator

  2. Strategy EU - USA

  3. Strategy USA Particle physics is a highly successful, discovery-driven science. It explores the fundamental constituents of matter and energy, and it reveals the profound connections underlying everything we see, including the smallest and the largest structures in the Universe. Earlier investments have been rewarded with recent fundamental discoveries, and upcoming opportunities will push into new territory. Particle physics inspires young people to engage with science.

  4. Drivers

  5. Strategy USA Large projects, in time order, include the Muon g-2 and Muon-to-electron Conversion (Mu2e) experiments at Fermilab, strong collaboration in the high-luminosity upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), and a U.S.-hosted Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) that receives the world’s highest intensity neutrino beam from (PIP-II) at Fermilab. U.S. involvement in a Japanese-hosted International Linear Collider (ILC). Areas with clear U.S. leadership in which investments in medium- and small-scale experiments have great promise for near-term discovery include dark matter direct detection, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, short-baseline neutrino experiments, and a portfolio of small projects.

  6. MU2e The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will be 10,000 times more sensitive than previous experiments looking for muon-to-electron conversion. This precise and complex apparatus will be able to produce 200 million billion muons per year. It will require modifications of the Fermilab accelerator complex. Mu2e will repurpose elements of the complex that had produce anti-protons for the Tevatron experiments so that they instead are used to produce the muons needed for Mu2e and the Muon (g-2) experiment

  7. LBNE mantle's material, and in turn, right through the detector. Because neutrinos interact so rarely, the experiment will need to collect data for a decade or two in order to observe enough interactions to achieve its scientific objectives. LBNE will send the world's highest-intensity neutrino beam 800 miles through the Earth's to a large detector, a multi-kiloton volume of liquid argon instrumented such that it can record interactions between neutrinos and this target material. Neutrinos are harmless and can pass right through matter, only very rarely colliding with other matter particles. Therefore, no tunnel is needed; the vast majority of the neutrinos will pass through the

  8. Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument DESI will be conducted on the Mayall 4-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory starting in 2018 The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) will measure the effect of dark energy on the expansion of the universe.  It will obtain optical spectra for tens of millions of galaxies and quasars, constructing a 3-dimensional map spanning the nearby universe to 10 billion light years.

  9. Strategy Europe Exploit its current world-leading facility for particle physics, the LHC, to its full potential over a period of many years, with a series of planned upgrades (HL-LHC); Continue to develop novel techniques leading to ambitious future accelerator projects on a global scale; Be open to engagement in a range of unique basic physics research projects alongside the LHC; Be open to collaboration in particle physics projects beyond the European region; Maintain a healthy base in fundamental physics research, with universities and national laboratories contributing to a strong European focus through CERN; Continue to invest substantial effort in communication, education and outreach to engage global publics with science.

  10. The LHC 1983 : First studies for the LHC project 1988 : First magnet model (feasibility) : Approval of the LHC by the CERN Council 1996-1999 :Series production industrialisation 1998 : Declaration of Public Utility & Start of civil engineering 1998-2000 :Placement of the main production contracts 2004 : Start of the LHC installation 2005-2007 :Magnets Installation in the tunnel 2006-2008 :Hardware commissioning 2008-2009 :Beam commissioning and repair 2009-2035 :Physics exploitation Courtesy FredyBordry

  11. June 1994first full scale prototype dipole June 2007First sector cold ECFA-CERN workshop April 2008 Last dipole down September 10, 2008 First beams around 1994 project approved by council (1-in-2) 9T- 1m single bore 25 years Main contracts signed 83 84 93 90 91 97 95 96 94 00 92 98 04 05 03 02 01 07 10 08 09 06 99 2002 String 2 November 2006 1232 delivered Decision for Nb-Ti 9T -10 m prototype Courtesy FredyBordry 11

  12. August 2008 First injection test Feb. 2013 p-Pb82+ New Operation Mode May 2012 Ramping Performance October, 2011 3.5x10+33, 5.7 fb-1 First Hints!! November 29, 2009 Beam back Sept. 10, 2008 First beams around June 28 2011 1380 bunches 1380 March 14th 2012 Restart with Beam October 14, 2010 L= 1x10+32 248 bunches Nov. 2012 End of p+ Run 1 Repair and Consolidation November 2010 Pb82+ Ions 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 March 30, 2010 First collisions at 3.5 TeV November 2011 Second Ion Run Higgs Day Sept. 19, 2008 Incident LS1 CAS@Chavannes Courtesy FredyBordry

  13. 2010-2012: LHC integrated luminosity • 2010: 0.04 fb-1 • 7 TeVCoM • Commissioning • 2011: 6.1 fb-1 • 7 TeVCoM • … exploring limits • 2012: 23.3 fb-1 • 8 TeVCoM • … production BEH boson announce Lpeak = 0.77. 1034 3.5 TeV and 4 TeV in 2012 Up to 1380 bunches with1.5 1011 protons Courtesy FredyBordry

  14. Long Shutdown 1 LS1 starts as the shutdown to repair the magnet interconnects to allow nominal current in the dipole and lattice quadrupole circuits of the LHC. It has now become a major shutdown which, in addition, includes other repairs, maintenance, consolidation, upgrades and cablingacross the whole accelerator complex and the associated experimental facilities. All this in the shadow of the repair of the magnet interconnects. Courtesy FredyBordry

  15. LS1 status LHC injectors getting ready for hardware tests LHC: all signals are green for beam on January 2015 Yogi Berra Courtesy FredyBordry

  16. Physics LHC schedule: Run2 and LS2 Shutdown Beam commissioning Technical stop • LS2 starting in 2018 (July) => 18 months + 3 months BC 30 fb-1 YETS EYETS YETS YETS LS 2 Run 2 Run 3 Run 2 LS 2 Run 3 (Extended) Year End Technical Stop: (E)YETS Run 2: Start with 6.5 TeV and later decision towards 7 TeV according to magnet training YETS LS 3 Run 4 LS 3 Run 4 YETS LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 Courtesy FredyBordry

  17. Expectations after Long Shutdown 1 (2015) Batch Compression and Merging and splitting (BCMS) • β* ≤ 0.5m (was 0.6 m in 2012) • Other conditions: • Similar turn around time • Similar machine availability • Expected maximum luminosity: 1.6 x 1034 cm-2 s-1 ± 20% • Limited by inner triplet heat load limit, due to collisions debris Courtesy of the LIU-PS project team • Collisions at least at 13 TeVc.m. • 25 ns bunch spacing Using new injector beam production scheme (BCMS), resulting in brighter beams. Courtesy FredyBordry

  18. Potential performance • 6.5 TeV • 1.1 ns bunch length • 150 days proton physics, HF = 0.2 All numbers approximate * different operational model – caveat - unproven Courtesy Mike Lamont

  19. LS2 : (mid 2018-2019), LHC Injector Upgrades (LIU) LINAC4 – PS Booster: • H- injection and increase of PSB injection energy from 50 MeV to 160 MeV, to increase PSB space charge threshold • New RF cavity system, new main power converters • Increase of extraction energy from 1.4 GeV to 2 GeV PS: • Increase of injection energy from 1.4 GeV to 2 GeV to increase PS space charge threshold • Transverse resonance compensation • New RF Longitudinal feedback system • New RF beam manipulation scheme to increase beam brightness • SPS • Electron Cloud mitigation – strong feedback system, or coating of the vacuum system • Impedance reduction, improved feedbacks • Large-scale modification to the main RF system These are only the main modifications and this list is far from exhaustive Project leadership: R. Garoby and M. Meddahi Courtesy FredyBordry

  20. Physics LHC schedule: Run2 and Run 3 LHC schedule: LS3 Shutdown Beam commissioning Technical stop • LS2 starting in 2018 (July) => 18 months + 3 months BC • LS3 LHC: starting in 2023 => 30 months + 3 months BC • Injectors: in 2024 => 13 months + 3 months BC (Extended) Year End Technical Stop: (E)YETS 30 fb-1 LS 2 YETS EYETS YETS YETS Run 2 Run 3 Run 2 LS 2 Run 3 PHASE 1 LS 3 Run 4 YETS LS 3 Run 4 YETS 300 fb-1 LS3 : HL-LHC installation LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 LS 4 Run 5 LS 5

  21. The European Strategy for Particle Physics Update 2013 c) Europe’s top priority should be the exploitation of the full potential of the LHC, including the high-luminosity upgrade of the machine and detectors with a view to collecting ten times more data than in the initial design, by around 2030. This upgrade programme will also provide further exciting opportunities for the study of flavour physics and the quark-gluon plasma. HL-LHC from a study to a PROJECT 300 fb-1 → 3000 fb-1 including LHC injectors upgrade LIU(Linac 4, Booster 2GeV, PS and SPS upgrade)

  22. “…exploitation of the full potential of the LHC, including the high-luminosity upgrade of the machine and detectors…” => High Luminosity LHC project today Project Kick-off meeting: 11th Nov. 2013 (Daresbury) http://cern.ch/hilumilhc

  23. The HL-LHC Project • New IR-quads Nb3Sn (inner triplets) • New 11 T Nb3Sn (short) dipoles • Collimation upgrade • Cryogenics upgrade • Crab Cavities • Cold powering • Machine protection • … Major intervention on more than 1.2 km of the LHC

  24. Squeezing the beams: High Field SC Magnets Quads for the inner triplet Decision 2012 for low-β quadsAperture  150 mm – 140 T/m (Bpeak≈12.3 T) (LHC: 8 T, 70 mm ) More focus strength, * as low as 15 cm (55 cm in LHC) thanks to ATS (Achromatic Telescopic Squeeze) optics In some scheme even * down to 7.5 cm are considered - Dipoles 11 T for LS2 - Dipoles for beam recombination/separation capable of 6-8 T with 150-180 mm aperture (LHC: 1.8 T, 70 mm) Courtesy Lucio Rossi

  25. Courtesy: G. Ambrosio FNAL and G. Sabbi , LBNL LQS of LARP 3.3 m coils 90 mm aperture LQS01a: 202 T/m at 1.9 K LQS01b: 222 T/m at 4.6 K 227 T/m at 1.9 K Target: 200 T/m gradient at 1.9 K LQS03: 208 T/m at 4.6 K 210 T/m at 1.9 K 1stquench: 86% s.s. limit LQS02: 198 T/m at 4.6 K 150 A/s 208 T/m at 1.9 K 150 A/s limited by one coil

  26. Nb3Sn 11T Dipole R&D Twin aperture model Single aperture model

  27. Crab Cavities, Increase “Head on” Aim: reduce the effect of the crossing angle Without crabbing Without crabbing DQWR prototype 17-Jan-2013 New crossing strategy under study to soften the pile-up density: some new schemas have interesting potential as “crab-kissing”, to be discussed with all experiments RF-Dipole Nb prototype • 3 proto types available • Cavity tests are on-going • Test with beam in SPS foreseen in 2015-2016 • Beam test in LHC foreseen in 2017

  28. R2E: Removal of Power Converter (200kA-5 kV SC cable, 100 m height) MgB2 (or other HTS) 7 × 14 kA, 7 × 3 kA and 8 × 0.6 kA cables – Itot120 kA @ 30 K Also DFBs (current lead boxes) removed to surface Final solution to R2E problem – in some points Make room for shielding un-movable electronics Make the maintenance and application of ALARA principle much easier and effective Φ = 62 mm

  29. Setting up International collaboration A GLOBAL PROJECT Baseline layout of HL-LHC IR region with national laboratories but also involving industrial firms

  30. Luminosity Levelling, a key to success • Obtain about 3 - 4 fb-1/day (40% stable beams) • About 250 to 300 fb-1/year High peak luminosity Minimize pile-up in experiments and provide “constant” luminosity

  31. Physics LHC roadmap: schedule beyond LS1 Shutdown Beam commissioning Technical stop • LS2 starting in 2018 (July) => 18 months + 3 months BC • LS3 LHC: starting in 2023 => 30 months + 3 months BC • Injectors: in 2024=>13 months + 3 months BC (Extended) Year End Technical Stop: (E)YETS 30 fb-1 YETS EYETS YETS YETS Run 2 LS 2 Run 3 LS 2 Run 2 Run 3 PHASE 1 YETS LS 3 Run 4 YETS LS 3 Run 4 300 fb-1 PHASE 2 LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 3’000 fb-1

  32. “to propose an ambitious post-LHC accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update” d) CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, d) CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positronhigh-energy frontier machines. These design studies should be coupled to a vigorous accelerator R&D programme, including high-field magnetsand high-gradient accelerating structures, in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide. HFM - FCC HGA - CLIC

  33. “CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis onproton-protonand electron- positron high-energy frontier machines.” Highest possible energy e+e- with CLIC (CDR 2012) Multi-lateral collaboration

  34. “to propose an ambitious post-LHC accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update” d) CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, d) CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positronhigh-energy frontier machines. These design studies should be coupled to a vigorous accelerator R&D programme, including high-field magnetsand high-gradient accelerating structures, in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide. HFM – FCC-hh HGA - CLIC

  35. Malta Workshop: HE-LHC @ 33 TeVc.o.m.14-16 October 2010 Magnet design (20 T): very challenging but not impossible. 300 mm inter-beam Multiple powering in the same magnet (and more sectioning for energy) Work for 4 years to assess HTS for 2X20T to open the way to 16.5 T/beam . Otherwise limit field to 15.5 T for 2x13TeV Higher INJ energy is desirable (2xSPS) The synchrotron light is not a stopper by operating the beam screen at 60 K. The beam stability looks « easier » than LHC thanks to dumping time. Collimation is possibly not more difficult than HL-LHC. Reaching 2x1034 appears reasonable. The big challenge, after main magnet technology, is beam handling for INJ & beam dump: new kicker technology is needed since we cannot make twice more room for LHC kickers.

  36. "High Energy LHC" HE-LHC :33 TeV with 20T magnets First studies on a new 80 km tunnel in the Geneva area • 42 TeV with 8.3 T using present LHC dipoles • 80 TeV with 16 T based on Nb3Sn dipoles • 100 TeV with 20 T based on HTS dipoles Courtesy FredyBordry

  37. Future Circular Collider Study - SCOPE CDR and cost review for the next ESU (2018) • Forming an international collaboration to study: • pp-collider (FCC-hh)  defining infrastructure requirements • e+e-collider (FCC-ee) as potential intermediate step • p-e (FCC-he) option • 80-100 km infrastructure in Geneva area ~16 T  100 TeVpp in 100 km ~20 T  100 TeVpp in 80 km Courtesy FredyBordry

  38. http://indico.cern.ch/e/fcc-kickoff

  39. Next steps • Establish an international collaboration: • Following very positive reactions and the enthusiasm during the Kick-off meeting: • Formal invitations to institutes to join collaboration • Aiming at expressions of interest by end May to form nucleus of collaboration by September • Enlargement of the preparation team • First international collaboration board meeting 8-10 September 2014 expressions of interest (EOI) kick-off event proposed 1st ICB meeting discussions iterations March April May June July August September 2014 Courtesy FredyBordry

  40. Proposal for FCC Study Time Line Kick-off, collaboration forming, study plan and organisation Prepare Ph 1: Explore options “weak interaction” Workshop & Reviewidentification of baseline Ph 2: Conceptual study of baseline “strong interact.” Workshop & Review, cost model, LHC results  study re-scoping? Ph 3: Study consolidation Workshop & Review  contents of CDR 4 large FCC Workshops distributed over participating regions Report Release CDR & Workshop on next steps Courtesy Michael Benedikt

  41. HL-LHC (3000 fb-1) LHC 13-14 TeV(300 fb-1) LHC 7-8 TeV(30 fb-1) Samivel

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