Topic 6 : Project Management 第 六 讲： 项目管理

1. Topic 6: Project Management第六讲：项目管理 More Than Just MS project 不只是微软项目 Paul Gandel Syracuse University Singapore Management University

2. Goals目标 • 概述项目管理 • 熟悉主要的项目交付物 • 练习制订项目进度表 • 练习制订风险分析及计划 • Provide an overview of Project Management • Become familiar with key project deliverables • Practice developing a project schedule • Practice developing a risk analysis and plan

3. Reference Material参考资料 • 专案管理学会 • www.pmi.org • 组织背景 • PMBOK • 优质资源 • 项目管理知识体系指南 • Project Management Institute • www.pmi.org • Background on organization PMBOK • Excellent resource • Project Management Body of Knowledge

4. Project Definition项目的定义 • 设定起始及终结 • 一次性的工作 • 产出一项可识别、可量度、独一无二的产品、服务或结果 • 项目进行阶段，全组并坚作战。 Defined beginning and end One time effort Produces an identifiable, measurable, unique product, service, result Project team works together for length of project

5. Project Triggers项目触发因素 Market driven needs 市场需要 Organizational needs 组织需要 Customer needs 顾客需要 Technological advances 科技进展 Legal requirements 法律要求

6. Benefits of Project Management项目管理的好处 • 提升准时而不失预算地交付项目结果的能力 • 提供一个可遵循的方法 • 确保对项目的需求及交付物有所共识 • 提高生产力 • 确保对项目及产品的需要有足够的沟通 • 提升质量 • 管理风险 Improves ability to deliver project on-time, on-budget Provides a methodology to follow Ensures common understanding of project needs & deliverables Improves productivity Ensures communicationof project and product needs Improves quality Manages risk

7. Project Management 101 项目管理101It’s All About Chunks! 一切皆为庞大工程 There has never been a task that could not be done as long as it could be broken down into small enough pieces! 只要能化整为零、 化繁为简，工作便无难事了！ Big Chunks大块头 Little Chunks小块头

8. Project Management 101Eight Key Questions • 为何必须进行此项目？ • 欲从这项目中取得何种可量度的成绩？ • 参与该项目的人员需具备何种技能和态度？ • 谁将参与该项目？ • 要完成此项目有何工作必需要做？ • 此项目在哪里进行？ • 完成项目需多久？何时必需完成？ • 项目成本多少？ • Why is thischunk necessary? • What measurable performance do we want from this chunk? • What skills and attitudes will the person doing this chunk need? • Who is going to do this chunk? • What tasks need to be done to complete this chunk? • Where is this chunk going to be done? • How long will it take to do this chunk and when does it need to be finished? • How much is this chunk going to cost?

9. Who Works on a Project?谁做项目的工作？

10. Project Manager Responsibilities项目经理的责任 • 为项目结果负最后责任 • 确定及管理相关利益者的期望 • 挑选及激发组员 • 管理项目范围 • 管理进度 • 报告项目进展 • 预测及管理风险 • 管理成本 • 遵循标准项目管理的方法 Ultimate responsibility for project results Identify and manage stakeholder expectations Select and motivate team members Manage project scope Manage the schedule and work efforts Report project progress Anticipate and manage risks Manage costs Follow standard project management methodology

11. Other People Involved (Stakeholders)其他相关人员(相关利益者) • 赞助人的责任 • 顾客，最终享用者的责任 • 外部顾客的责任 • 项目小组的责任 Sponsor responsibilities Customer, end-user responsibilities External customer responsibilities Project Team responsibilities

12. Einstein discovers that time is actually money 爱因斯坦发时间实际上就是金钱 Managing within Constraints在限制下作管理 Scope范围 Quality 质量 Cost 成本 Time 時間

13. Project Management Knowledge Areas项目管理知识范围 Quality 质量 Scope 范围 Communications 沟通 Time 时间 Cost 成本 Risk 风险 Human Resources 人力资源 Procurement 采购

14. Key Project Deliverables主要项目交付物 • Project Charter 项目章程 • Scope Statement 范围陈述 • Change Control 转变控制 • Project Schedule 项目进度表 • Status Report 状况报告 • Communication Plan 沟通计划 • Risk Analysis & Plan 风险分析及计划

15. 1 – Project Charter项目章程 • 目的 • 正式确认项目 • 通常为第一份制定的文件 • 需确定的因素: • 项目目的 • 项目重要性 • 项目赞助人 • 项目经理 • 授权项目经理使用资源(资金及人力) • 获授权使用财政及人力资源的行政人员签署 • Purpose: • Formally recognizes project • Usually the first document created • Identifies: • Project purpose • Project importance • Project Sponsor • Project Manager • Authorizes Project Manager to use resources (money and people) • Signed by executive empowered to commit money and people

16. 2 – Scope Statement范围陈述 • 目的: • 确定项目工作并就此沟通 • 需确定的因素: • 项目界限 • 需求 • 对其他方面的影响 • 假设、界限、风险 • 重要里程碑 • 角色及责任 • 整体成本 • Purpose: • Identify and communicate project work to be done • Identifies: • Project boundaries • Requirements • Impact on other applications • Assumptions, Constraints, Risks • Key Milestones • Roles and Responsibilities • Overall Costs

17. 3 – Change Control转变之控制 • 目的: • 确保转变在控制之下并对项目带来益处 • 需确定的因素: • 确立及评估项目转变的程序 • 决定时间、成本、范围及质量转变带来的效果之因素 • 批核项目转变的相关利益者 • 实施已批核之转变的程序 • Purpose: • Ensure changes are managed and beneficial to project • Identifies: • Process for identifying and evaluating project changes • Factors that must be evaluated to determine effect of change on time, cost, scope, quality • Stakeholders who must approve project changes • Process for implementing approved changes

18. 4 – Project Schedule项目时间表 • 目的: • 确定及順序列出项目所需的活动及资源並加以控制 • 需确定的因素: • 项目活动 • 活动次序 • 分派员工参与活动 • 每项活动的时间估计 • 劳工成本 • Purpose: • Identify, sequence, and control the activities and resources needed for project • Identifies: • Project activities • Order of activities • People assigned to activities • Time estimates for each activity • Labor costs

19. 5 – Status Report状况报告 • 目的: • 向项目经理和/或相关利益者提供有关项目和/或个别活动进程的信息 • 需确定的因素: • 已完成的活动 • 已开始的活动 • 已计划在下一阶段进行的活动 • 延迟或过期的活动 • 问题或关注 • Purpose: • Provide information about project and/or individual progress to project manager and/or stakeholders • Identifies: • Activities completed • Activities started • Activities planned for next period • Activities late or overdue • Issues or concerns

20. 6 – Communication Plan沟通计划 • Purpose: • Links people with the information they need • Identifies: • Groups who should receive information • Purpose of each communication • Information needed by each group • How often information is provided • Type of communication • 目的: • 给予组员相关信息 • 需确定的因素: • 需要接收信息的团队 • 每次沟通的目的 • 每组需要的讯息 • 信息提供有多频密 • 沟通形式

21. 7 – Risk Analysis & Plan风险分析及计划 • 目的: • 确定各种风险，分析其效果，制定适当的措施 • 需确定的因素: • 各种风险事件 • 风险会发生的可能性 • 如风险发生会产生的效果 • 预防措施 • 应变计划 • Purpose: • To identify risks, analyze their effect, and determine appropriate actions • Identifies: • Risk events • Probability that risk will occur • Impact if risk occurs • Preventative actions • Contingency plan

22. Risk Analysis and Plan Review风险分析及计划检讨 • 目的 • 确定各种风险(该事件若发生，可对项目产生负或正面效果) • 为已知风险制定应变计划 • 确保对风险及其应变计划有所共识 • 时间 • 程序计划小组内 • 小组必需明白项目范围，以作出有意义的分析及计划 • 听众 • 赞助人 • 项目小组 • 主要的利益相关者 • Purpose • Identify risks (events that, if they occur, can have either a negative or a positive effect on the project). • Contingency plans are developed for the known risks. • Ensures common understanding of the risks and their contingency plans. • Timing • During Planning Process Group • Team must understand project scope to create a meaningful analysis and plan. • Audience • Sponsor • Project team • Key Stakeholders

23. Developing the Project Schedule编制项目进度表 • 步骤一：编制工作分解结构 • 步骤二：設定各项活动 • 步骤三：列出项目里程碑 • 步骤四：将各项活动排序 • 步骤五：估计历时及工作 • 步骤六 ： 分派人手予各项工作 Step 1 – Develop a WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Step 2 – Define the activities Step 3 – Develop a milestone list Step 4 – Put the activities in order Step 5 – Estimate duration and work Step 6 – Assign people to activities

24. Beginning the Process程序开始

25. Project Schedule项目进度表 Step 1 – Develop a Work Breakdown Structure步骤一 ：编制工作分解结构 • 细分工作成明确、可估计及可跟进的任务 • 分解各任务直至其特质可明确了解 • 所有任务均有一交付物 • 可分派给某人员 • 起始及结束日可订明 • 持续时间合理(≤2星期) • 没有設定在工作分解结构内的工作均不属项目范围 • Divides work into smaller tasks that can be defined, estimated, and tracked • Decompose tasks until each has known qualities: • Each task has a deliverable • Can be assigned to a person • Start and end dates can be identified • Duration is reasonable (two weeks or less) • Work not defined in WBS is outside project scope

26. Project Schedule项目进度表 Step 2 – Define the Activities步骤二：确定各项活动 • 运用工作分解结构编制一完整的项目活动清单 • 这些活动会列入微软项目进度表 • 描述各项活动所需的工作，包括相关的信息 • 前置任务 • 资源要求 • 日期要求 • 约束条件及假设条件 • Use WBS to create a complete list of activities for the project • These activities will be added to the MS Project schedule • Describe the work required for each activity. Include related information: • Predecessors • Resource requirements • Date requirements • Constraints and assumptions

27. Project Schedule项目进度表 Step 3 – Develop a Milestone List步骤三 ：列出项目里程碑 • 列出所有项目里程碑 • 行政人员的良好沟通工具 • 里程碑实例: • 外购或自制决策 • 上级批核 • 项目某阶段的终结点 • 设备交付日期 • 所有里程碑均显示在项目进度表上 • Identifies all milestones in the project • Good communication tool at executive level • Milestone Examples: • Make-or-Buy decision • Approval by upper management • End of a project phase • Equipment delivery date • Each milestone is placed in the project schedule

28. Project Schedule项目进度表 Step 4 – Put the Activities in Order步骤四：将各项活动排序 • 推定各项活动间的逻辑关系 • 哪些活动必须等到前一项完成后才开始？ • 哪些活动可同时开始？ • 哪些活动必须同时完成？ • 是否需要相隔时间？ • Determine logical relationships between activities • What activities must wait until an earlier task is completed? • What activities can start at the same time? • What activities must finish at the same time? • Lag time needed?

29. Project Schedule项目进度表 Step 5 – Estimate Duration and Work步骤五：估计历时及工作 • 决定各活动所需资源 • 估计各活动的历时及工作 • 估计历时及工作的同时为项目假设前提建檔 Determine resources needed for each activity Estimate the duration and work for each activity Document assumptions made while estimating duration and work

30. Be Honest in Your Assumptions!忠于事实的假设

31. Project Schedule项目进度表 Step 6 – Assign People to Activities分派人手予各项工作 • 创立项目进度表的最后步骤 • 复阅建立的文件： • 里程碑列表 • 活动清单 • 历时估计 • 相依项目 • 资源需要 • 建立项目进度表 • 分派人手予各项活动 • 确保组员不会工作负荷过量 • Final step in creating the project schedule • Review documents created: • Milestone List • Activity List • Duration estimates • Dependencies • Resource needs • Create project schedule • Assign people to activities • Ensure people are not overloaded

32. Finally…remember that successfulprojects require:最后……谨记项目成功需要： • 为项目的每一重要部分设定可量度的绩效标准以及时间和成本的估计 • 固定地监管进度！ Setting measurable performance standards as well as time and cost estimates for each “chunk” of the project is critical. Constantly monitor progress!

33. How to Support Your Project Manager如何支持你的项目经理 • Be actively involved in the project • Set clear expectations • Provide support (time, money, morale, etc.) • Support the project management process • 积极地参与项目 • 表达确切的期望 • 给予支持（时间、金钱、士气等方面） • 支持项目管理程序

34. Class Exercise小组研习 Developing an plan to implement a digital repository….. 设定一个实施数位典藏的计划……