Team Tiger!! Rawrrr!!

Team Tiger!!Rawrrr!! Tiffany Greider Jeff Woods Alaina Pomeroy Shannon Payton Robert Jones Katherine Costello

Transportation History in 1800s: • 1829: Omnibus service starts in New York. • 1832: Horsecar developed in New York. • 1855: Horsecar becomes more popular than Omnibus in New York because of recent technology advances. • 1872: Horse influenza kills thousands of horses. • 1873: First successful cablecar in San Francisco. • 1880s: Horsecar carries 188 million passengers per year. • 1895: First elevated rail line (El-train) opens in Chicago. • 1897: First American subway opens in Boston.

Transportation History 1900-1950: • 1904: New York opens subway. • 1905: First Bus line opens in New York. • 1917: Last horsecar line closed in New York. • 1921: First successful trolleybus line in New York. • 1927: First Park and ride • 1939: Chicago builds first street with designated bus lane. • 1940: Bus ridership exceeds street railway ridership. • 1940: San Francisco is last surviving cable car line. • 1946: Highest ever public transit ridership at 23.4 billion.

Transportation History 1950-2000: • 1964: First major U.S. Government transportation program. • 1971: AMTRAK becomes first government subsidized intercity passenger railroad. • 1972: Public transit hits an all-time low ridership of 6.6 billion. • 1973: Rehabilitation Act causes some public transit to be accessible to disabled. • 1983: Public transit “trust fund” created through dedication of one cent of federal gas tax. • 1990: Public transit required to be accessible to disabled. • 1990: Buses subject to strict pollution controls under clean air act. • 1992: Limitation of tax-free employer-paid car parking benefits and tripling of tax-free benefit for public transit use. • 1995: Portion of federal gas tax devoted to transit increased to 2 cents.

History of Mass Transit in the United States1829-2006Since 1995, transit use has increased by 23 percent -- faster than highway travel.

Subways First Subway 3 Stations: Boston - 1897 New York - 1904 Philadelphia - 1907 468 Subway Stops in NYC 503 Subway Stops everywhere else Cities East of the Mississippi with Subways - 16 Cities West of the Mississippi with Subways - 5

First Public Bus: New York - 1829 Philadelphia - 1831 Boston - 1835 Buses were started by private companies given full funding by local and state governments Buses now receive 33% of funding from fares, but 2/3 is still supported by the government In 2003, 5,692,118,000 trips were taken via buses in the United States. Buses: 1829- 2006

A Comparison of Mass Transit Systems Found in the United States and the European Union • System Infrastructure • Cost Structure • Citizen Participation (Sorry about the dullness of this slide )

System Infrastructure • U.S. Intercity transportation: Consumers in the U.S. have two options with respect to intercity mass transit: the bus and the airplane. • The bus system is underdeveloped and too slow for much of the general population. A Greyhound one-way trip from Los Angeles to New York costs $194.00 and takes 3 days. • The air system is extremely inflexible and costs too much for much of the public. A one-way flight from Los Angeles to New York costs over $350.00 and takes 6 hours.

System Infrastructure cont. • European Intercity Transportation: The European system can accommodate large volumes because it relies principally upon railways to connect the continent. • Eurail trains travel up to 186 mph and can stop at train stations in towns of all sizes. They also connect to major European airports to allow international travel. For $30/day, one can travel throughout 18 European countries at very fast speeds.

System Infrastructure cont. • U.S. Intracity Mass Transit: • Most cities have defunct bus systems of limited scale. • Rail systems are used sparingly and security is a concern. • Urban sprawl prevents the design of any efficient subway system • Urban sprawl and the lack of any competent mass transit system forces the consumer to embrace the abomination shown at right It Sucks Because everyone needs a gas-guzzling urban assault vehicle!

System Infrastructure cont. • U.S. Intracity Mass Transit • In some cities, specifically those found in the Northeastern U.S., viable mass transit systems do exist and are widely used. • New York City features the only effective subway in the U.S., and mass transit moves 5.7 million passengers per day. • random fact: Although the subways run 24/7, NYC Transit saves 240 million kilowatt-hours of electricity each year by modulating the acceleration rate of the 5,800-car fleet.

System Infrastructure cont. • London: the typical European city • They have cool busses • So like, when you’re riding the bus, you can, like, you can listen to your Apple iPod! • Everyday, 30 million journeys are taken in Greater London: • 6.3 million by bus • 3 million by the Tube • 1.4 million by rail • Total: 10.7 million passengers per day in the Greater London area. This number is almost equal to the number of Londoners who use cars or motorcycles for transit.

Cost Structure • In the United States, the cost structure of mass transit is determined by a combination of public and private interests. • Because the U.S. has no functional public intercity mass transit, private bus companies and airlines determine these costs. • A private company has no incentive to lower prices below the maximum that they believe they can extract from the consumer. • This is bad when balanced with the fact that mass transit should functionally work for the people.

Cost Structure • The New York MTA is the model for a cost-effective mass transit system with minimal government subsidization. • The public can purchase an unlimited pass for the New York mass transit system for $72/mo. • It is important to make mass transit systems financially independent because they provide a valuable service because they can drain heavily on government resources

Cost Structure cont. • European Cost Structure • A one way trip in London costs less than 2 pounds ($3.50 USD) and can take you anywhere in the huge city • To the best of our knowledge, the London Mass Transit system operates as a private corporation and is entirely financially independent, unlike the New York system, which has about a 25% subsidization. This young man likes the Tube!

Citizen Participation • Older cities, such as those found in Western Europe, tend to rely more heavily upon public transportation. In this graph, mass transit accommodates roughly 20% of the Western European population. • Newer cities, such as those found in the U.S. and Australia, rely mostly upon private motor vehicles for transportation. Only about 5% use mass transit. • Lesser developed cities tend to rely on walking/cycling.

Citizen Participation cont. • New York City: With a population of around 8 million people, roughly 5.7 million rely upon mass transit per day. • Around 72% of New York City’s population uses mass transit. • Portland, OR: The population of Portland is around 500,000; roughly 260,000 people make use of public transportation every day. • This is just over 50% of Portland’s population. 70% of the population that uses mass transit do so by choice.

Citizen Participation cont. • Not only does mass transit provide the population with alternative modes of transportation, it provides jobs as well. • The Portland TriMet system employs over 2600 people. • However, because many of the U.S. transit systems tend to be governmentally operated, wages are fixed with little room for growth. • In London, TfL provides its employees (both current and past) with free transit passes to promote the use of mass transit. Around 27,000 of these passes have been provided. A nice little employee of the Portland TriMet! He’s having fun driving.

A Visionary but Technically Realistic TransportationFUTURE… Some issues to think about: • Transportation Finance • Land Use - Planning and Policy • Types of public transportation • Energy Independence

Transportation Finance • American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO) estimate that “$5.3 trillion will be needed during the first quarter of the 21st century to provide the nation with the kind of highway and public transit systems it needs to support a growing economy.” Projected to meet less than 2/3’s of these needs. * • How do we meet these needs… *2010 and Beyond: A Vision of America’s Transportation Future. The Hudson Institute July 1, 2005 https://blackboard.uoregon.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_203859_1

Finance Continued • Getting commuters to pay for what they are using. Increase the costs of driving alone and a lot. • Highway tolls that will pay for road upkeep and will help fund public transportation • Factors such as the type of car they drive, when they drive and the amt of pollution they generate • Congestion tolls • Tax increases…fuel tax?

Land Use- Planning and Policy • Future trends: a growing population and increased urbanization • Urban growth boundaries • Promoting downtown spaces instead of suburbs • In cities with horrible sprawl already you create satellite infrastructure • Congestion taxes • FREIGHT.

Types of Transportation • Bikes • Flex or Zip Cars…collectivos? • Bus rapid transit, hybrids? • High speed Rail – CA proposal • Freight • Trolleys, subways, metros • Personal Rapid Transit THERE ARE OH SO MANY OPTIONS!!!

Energy • Using public transportation would dramatically decrease our fossil fuel use. • Hybrids • Hydrogen Fueled Economy • What we have talked about in class • Good method to store hydrogen needed • Large infrastructure change • This would be great as far as green house gas emissions but wouldn’t solve congestion problems

Team Tiger!! Rawrrr!!