Government Production of Goods and the Provision of Services

1. Government Production of Goods and the Provision of Services • Public • Private • 1 Under coercion • Regulation • Financial Incentive – taxation, loan, infrastructure construction (water treatments, sewers, roads) • 2 Without any coercion – “free market” • There ain’t no such thing as a free lunch (TANSLAAFL)

2. Surface Cover in the United States

3. Production of Goods and the Provision of Services • Private Agricultural Production • Private and Public Forests • Wildlife Refuges and wildlife on private lands

4. Forest Policy

5. CURRENT U.S. CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA FOREST DATA AND MAPS AND MAPS Productive unreserved forest area (timberland) in the U.S. by region and stand age class, 2002 Return Forests in the South, where timber production is highest, have the lowest average age. Northern forests, predominantly hardwoods, are of slightly older in average age and Western forests have the largest concentration of older stands. Source: National Report on Forest Resources NEXT

7. CURRENT U.S. CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA FOREST DATA AND MAPS AND MAPS Timber harvest by county Return Timber harvests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. The South is the largest timber producing region in the country accounting for nearly 62% of all U.S. timber harvest. Source: National Report on Forest Resources NEXT

8. An Historical Perspective • US forests cover 747 million acres 33% of the land surface • 67% of US forests, 495 million acres, are commercial forests, used to produce timber for forest products

9. Historical Perspective • Between 1600 and 1920, 13% of the land area, 29% of the forested area, was cleared for agriculture and urban areas • Most cutting occurred 1850-1910 • Today the US has approximately the same area of forestland as in 1920

10. Estimates of Biological Productivity • Decision-making paradigm • Goal • Empirical knowledge • Technical skills • Methods of evaluating

12. Forest Ownership

13. Minnesota’s Commercial Forests • Forest Products and Services • Federal government • State government • Private Industrial Owners – Timber companies Others

14. The National Forest System • Lands managed by the Forest Service in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) • Encompasses some 191 million acres • 155 national forests • 19 national grasslands in 41 states and Puerto Rico • Most units in the western states - Alaska, Idaho, and California • East of the Mississippi River large national forests are located in the Green, White, Allegheny, and Blue Ridge Mountains • The national grasslands are on the Great Plains • System units are used for timber production, watershed land, wildlife preservation, livestock grazing, mining, and recreation

15. In 1891, Congress authorized the president to set aside forest reserves • Yellowstone Park Timber Reserve, now Shoshone National Forest, in Wyoming was established in the same year • The forest reserves originally administered by the General Land Office – the federal real estate agency – in the Department of the Interior • In 1905 transferred to the Forest Service by President Theodore Roosevelt • Reserves were renamed national forests in 1907 

16. National Forests and Grasslands

20. Jurisdiction in National Forests • 16 USC 480  Civil and criminal jurisdiction • The jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, over persons within national forests shall not be affected or changed by reason of their existence, except so far as the punishment of offenses against the United States therein is concerned; the intent and meaning of this provision being that the State wherein any such national forest is situated shall not, by reason of the establishment thereof, lose its jurisdiction, nor the inhabitants thereof their rights and privileges as citizens, or be absolved from their duties as citizens of the State • (June 4, 1897, ch. 2, Sec. 1, 30 Stat. 36; Mar. 1, 1911, ch. 186, Sec. 12, 36 Stat. 963)

21. 16 USC (Cornell University) National Forests Forests, Forest Service, Reforestation, Management Protection of Timber 7 USC (Cornell University) Rural Revitalization through Forestry Legislation

22. Regulation 36 CFR Forest Service

23. Timber Harvesting Court Cases • Supreme Court Ohio Forestry Ass'n v. Sierra Club,  523 U.S. 726; 118 S. Ct. 1665 Argued February 25, 1998 Decided May 18, 1998 • Appeals Court THE SIERRA CLUB, et al.,  v. JACK WARD THOMAS, et al., OHIO FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, INC.,  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT105 F.3d 248; Argued October 12, 1995,  Decided January 21, 1997 • District (Trial) Court The Sierra Club, et al.,  v. F. Dale Robertson, et al., UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO, EASTERN DIVISION. 845 F. Supp. 485 Decided March 11, 1994

24. LexisNexis Academic • Legal Research • Law Reviews  keyword <forests><forest service><national forest> • Federal Case Law  keyword <national forest> • Federal Code keyword <national forest> • Federal Regulations <national forest>

25. USDA Forest Service • Fire and Aviation Management • Maps & Brochures • Projects & Policies • Publications • Recreational Activities • Research & Development • North Central Research Station • US Forest Service History

26. Eastern Region

27. State & Private Forestry • The Principal Laws Relating to USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Programs • USDA Forest Service Cooperative Forestry  provides technical and financial assistance to help other governments and private landowners care for forests and, in doing so, sustain  communities • What America's Federal and State Government's want from Private Forests (The Regional Institute Ltd)

28. Minnesota National Forests • Chippewa National Forest • Superior National Forest • Major Federal Land Management Agencies (Congressional Research Service)

29. Forest Finances • Forest Service Receipt-Sharing Plan (Congressional Research Service) • Forest Counties Payment Committee • National Timber Tax Site (Purdue University)

31. Minnesota Forest Profile (US Forest Service) • Minnesota Timber Industry, 1992 (North Central Forest Experimental Station) • Minnesota Generic Environmental Impact Statement (Minnesota Forestry Council)

32. Sierra Club National Forest Protection Alliance National Forest Foundation Forest Guardians Superior Wilderness Action Network Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness American Forests Heritage Forests Campaign Forests Forever Ancient Forests of North America Free Our Forests Save America's Forests Forest History Society Society of American Foresters Nonprofit Organizations

33. Trade Associations • Minnesota Forest Industries • American Forest and Paper Association • ForestDirectory.com • Forest Products Society • National Association of State Foresters • Paper Industry Page (Jeff Lindsay)

34. Industrial Classification • Division D - Manufacturing Industries • Major Group 24 - Lumber and Wood Products, Except Furniture • Major Group 25 - Furniture and Fixture Industries • Major Group 26 - Paper and Allied Products • Types of paper made in Wisconsin • Major Group 27 – Printing Publishing and Allied Products • Division F - Construction Industries • Major Group 40 - Building, Developing and General Contracting Industries

35. Lumber Corporations • Potlatch Corporation • Boise (International Falls) • International Paper (Sartell) • UPM-Kymmene Corporation (Grand Rapids) • Sappi (Cloquet) • St Regis Paper Co (Cass Lake)

36. Allied Industries • Printing Industry of Minnesota

37. Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness • History of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (USDA) • Boundary Waters Canoe Area: A Contentious History (MPR) • Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act of 1978 • BWCA regulations • BWCA Chronology (Minnesota House)

38. BWCAW