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Exotic beams for the LHC collider

Exotic beams for the LHC collider. M.W. Krasny LPNHE, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris krasny@lpnhep.in2p3.fr. W. This talk: dedicated and generic searches exploration tools for the LHC: - the W-beams and their targets - PIE (Parasitic Ion-Electron) collider outlook. e.

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Exotic beams for the LHC collider

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  1. Exotic beams for the LHC collider M.W. Krasny LPNHE, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris krasny@lpnhep.in2p3.fr W • This talk: • dedicated and generic searches • exploration tools for the LHC: • - the W-beams and their targets • - PIE (Parasitic Ion-Electron) collider • outlook e Saclay, May.2005 Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  2. …dedicated and generic searches (gold-mining versus fishing at the LHC) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  3. Dedicated searches • Generic searches The form of the Lagrangian of an extension of the standard model (e.g. SUSY), implemented in the form of event generator determines the search method. Searches are equivalent to scans of experimental data using the BSM generator Templates in the phase-space regions which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio. (1) Emphasis on scrutinizing the Standard Model processes in the full phase-space accessible (pioneered in 1996/1997 within the H1 collaboration at DESY). (2) Search for new phenomena unbounded by the perturbative-field-theory paradigms. (3) Emphasis on dedicated experimental tools to establish the physics origin of new phenomena. Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  4. Generic searches at HERA An example: Coherent scrutinizing of SM processes with 1 or 2 or 3 large ET (ET>25 GeV) objects : photons, muons, electrons, jets and neutrinos e,g n,e,jet q jet Resolving matrix element versus proton structure ambiguity: If one interprets the excess of events as a manifestation of lepto-quarks… one is bound to accept the photo-quarks H1 note H1-06/97-523 Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  5. Dedicated and generic searches at the LHC Example: Search for the mechanism regularizing the large energy behavior of the W-boson collision amplitude Dedicated searches:Search for the Higgs boson Generic searches:Direct experimental studies of collisions of transverse and longitudinal W-bosons with hadronic matter in the TeV energy domain, where the massive vector-boson theory breaks down . WL WL …versus WT WT ? mH=? matter Dedicated searches Generic searches Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  6. The QFT self-consistency of dedicated searches Absorbing unknown into Higgs mass Dominant loops An evidence? ….or just an arbitrary absorption of inconsistency into a mass parameter… Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  7. Higgs mechanism (paradigms and prejudices) • The Higgs mechanism rephrases, rather then explains, the origin of masses of • fermions (mass-to-coupling-constant-trade-off is veryugly) • It introduces the scalar particle(s), which need an external mechanism for its • quantum stability ( a beauty for proponents of super-symmetry and ugliness • for “simpleminded Occam-razor users”). • Elementary scalars and pseudoscalars used often as “rescue-kits” to absorb • (hide) the non-understood aspects of the theory (inflatons, axions, etc…) • – so far none seen. Nature provides nice examples of collective “Higgs-like” • medium effects (e.g. superconductivity), …alas non-perturbative thus less-popular. • The SM+Higgs+Supersymmetry paradigm reduces the exploratory program at • the LHC collider to the model-scrutinizing program having important • consequences for the final configuration of the LHC detectors, their trigger • systems and the data analysis models. Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  8. Generic searches: Electroweak bosons in superconducting medium • (1933) Meissnereffect: quantum rigidity of the superconductor ground state (low frequency magnetic field expelled from the superconductor) • (1951) Schafroth– Formal proof: the Meissner effect cannot be obtained in any finite order of the perturbation theory • (1957) Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer(the non-perturbative BCS theory) • (1961) Nambu’sanalogy of dynamic excitations in superconductor with the origin of masses for fermionic fields • (1964) Higgs particle – point-like excitations • … • (2007) LHC - new universal superconductivity? Point-like versus effective Higgs field? Dynamical large-distance correlations? Rigidity of electroweak vacuum? Gauge phases? m ~ f = wexp[-1/r] w - the energy bandwidth around the Fermi surface r– the average interaction energy Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  9. The tools and the analysis methods for generic searches at the LHC are being developed… • The gauge model of the trigger, data selection and the data analysis • for the LHC (M.W. Krasny, Atlas Communication notes- published partially) • The high precision tools for the absolute normalization of the LHC measurements • (M.W. Krasny et al.. in propagation for NIM) • The beam of electroweak bosons with tunable flux, energy spectrum, and • polarization (M.W. Krasny, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, hep-ph/0503215, • submitted to Phys.Rev.) • The electroweak-boson-beam targets of adjustable lengths and isospin • (M.W. Krasny, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, hep-ph/0503215, • submitted to Phys.Rev.) • The electron beam to monitor the Wide-Band-Partonic-Beam at the LHC • (M.W. Krasny, NIM A540 (2005) 222.) • … the last three discussed in the remaining part of this talk Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  10. …The W-beams and their targets (experimenting at the scale of femto-meters) M.W. Krasny, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, to appear in Phys. Rev. Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  11. The W boson life-time at the LHC W – boson life-time (bunch co-moving ref. system) At LHC W bosons propagate up to 10000 fm - can be considered as a beam of free particles for fermi scale targets !!! (direct analogy to CERN high energy muon beams) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  12. The factorization of the W-boson production, propagation and decay processes Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  13. Quantum picture of the W-boson formation Quantum uncertainty of the Longitudinal position of W-production Quantum formation lengths of W-boson Fully formed W-boson Example: W-boson produced by the valence quark of the nucleus moving in the rest frame of nucleus with g = 100 has the uncertainty of the creation point and the formation lengths below 0.25 fermi Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  14. Amplitudes and Probabilities Long distance between the point (x,y,z) where the W-boson is formed and the point where it arrives at its target: The (x,y,z) dependence of relative phases of Mf and Mp can be neglected, thus: spin-less case …allowing to link the number of W-collision events directly to the flux of the W-boson beam, the cross section of W-nucleon collisions, the average length of the W-boson propagation in nuclear matter and the nuclear density polarized case Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  15. The W-boson fluxes (surface integrated) WINHAC a dedicated program for W-fluxes at the LHC By: W. Placzek Lpp = 10 34 cm-2 s-1 The role of iso-scalars!!!! Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  16. Polarization of W bosons (transverse polarization) The polarization of the W-beam is a direct consequence of the V-A coupling of W-bosons to quarks. If quarks would be perfectly collinear, and mass-less , W-bosons would be transversely polarized Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  17. Longitudinal polarization and Wigner rotations Longitudinal polarization is driven by the transverse momentum of quarks annihilating into W-boson u d W Collinear case In reality… W n u d Lorenz boost to W-n collinear frame Spin quantization axis = Collision axis W n … Controlled experimentally by choosing the transverse momentum of the W-recoil … Wigner rotation of W-spin W W or Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  18. The W-boson targets Low xA Detailed mapping of (b, z, Q2 ) dependent partonic densities, which allow to determine was one of the goals of the nuclear program for the HERA in 1997 (M.W. Krasny, Summary talk at the “Future Physics at HERA” workshop.). It is one of the goals of the eRHIC program at BNL… …can be partially done at the LHC using parasitic electron beam W-formation length W b zp Probability of W boson formation in the cell centered at (zp,bx,by) Transverse (bx,by) density of nucleons in the nucleus The geometrical, nuclear size-dependent path-length of W-boson in nuclear matter Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  19. Luminosity For W-bosons produced by the valence quarksof the nucleusthe average path -length of W boson in nuclear matter and the corresponding W-n luminosity can be directly calculated Note: Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  20. Luminosity spectrum Search for energy dependent anomalies in charge asymmetries… Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  21. Unfolding W-collision observables at the LHC Example:Unfolding spin dependent amplitudes and phases for W-nucleon collisions n e, m Analyze A-dependent rates of events with W-boson signatures p, D A recoil High precision monitoring of the W-boson fluxes Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  22. …PIE– Parasitic Ion-Electron collider (LHC “home-made” parton-meter for high precision monitoring of the W and Z fluxes at the LHC, ) M.W. Krasny, Nucl. Instr.&Meth. March 2005. Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  23. “Cheap” electrons • Partially stripped ions • Coulomb electrons • External electron beam Ee=me*EA/mA e Z ~1.5 E e[GeV] Z e Target rest frame Z e E [MeV] e be<bp LHC bunch Link to CLICK R&D– not discussed in this talk ~3.5 E e[GeV] Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  24. Survival of partially stripped ions: the LHC lattice LHC-Frame Ion rest-frame E ~ 1011 V/cm LHC-Dipole e- ? Or… B=8.4 Tesla Z+ Lorenz Transformation Binding energy of Rydberg-like atoms Ionization of Rydberg-like atoms Bethe-Salpeter,:“Quantum mechanics Of One- and Two- Electron Atoms” B=7.3 T,g=2964,b=1 nmax E=0 k=10 nmax n=k LOW-Z ions cannot survive! n=2 Pb80+ preliminary n=1 …tunneling effects … 105Z2/k 2 >E/15620(n/Z)(n1-n2) Z E=1Ry Z2/n2 Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  25. Hybrid, partially stripped ion beams… • average distance of the electron • to the large Z nucleus d ~ 600 fm • (sizably higher than the range of strong • interactions) • partially stripped ion beams can be • considered asindependent electron and • nuclear beams as long as • the incoming proton scatters with • the momentum transfer q >> 300 keV Pb81+(1s) …at LHC p e S ½ep=200 GeV …or Z Both beams have identical bunch structure (timing and bunch densities), the same b *, the same beam emittance – the choice of collision type can be done exclusively by the trigger system (no read-out and event reconstruction adjustments necessary) p S ½nn=8.8 TeV Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  26. Acceleration, storage and collisions of partially stripped ion beam • Stripping sequence • Transport in the LHC lattice • Beam cooling • Vacuum in the LHC rings • Beam-beam collision losses Stringent constraints on operation of partially stripped ions beams…. A method of delivering the ep (e-light_ion) collisions to the LHC Interaction Points presented and discussed in details at the CERN Accelerator Forum and the BNL Accelerator Forum (see: M.W. Krasny, hep-ex/0405028) Decisive measurements will be made at the BNL RHIC accelerator… (L.Ahrens, M.W. Krasny, V. MacKay, S.Peggs, D. Trbojevic proposal ) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  27. Intra-beam collisions – physics picture Intra-beam scattering at temperatures:kT < E1 - E2 Elastic scattering Intra-beam scattering at temperatures: E1 – E n max < kT < E1 - E2 Atomic excitation + photon Followed by: (within 10–8 s) : hnk = E1 - Ek Intra-beam scattering at temperatures:kT > E1 Atomic ionization Stripped ion Followed by a beam particle loss! electron Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  28. Recipes for accelerating partially strippedions in high density bunches nmax (semi classical approach) -En= 1Ry Z2/n2 Fully stripped ions kT E= 0 Ionization temperatures adiabatic boiling of the bunches (unless quickly cooled at the top energy) E1 E1 - Enmax Excitation temperatures E1 - E3 iso-thermal heat evaporation by atomic de-excitation photons E1 - E2 g1 g2 g Iso-thermal heat evaporation:tlab << t(g2)– t(g1) External cooling of overheated bunches : tlab >> t(g2)– t(g1) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  29. Cooling of bunches Ein(1) Maxwell distribution Eout(1) atomic excitation and de-excitation hn kT << E1 - E2 Ein(2) Eout(2) kT > E1 - E2 Note:Doppler effect (energy and angular distribution) E kin /(E1– E2 ) out(2) in(2) out(1) in(1) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  30. Allowed collision-configurations, beam life-time and luminosity of the PIEcollider (PIE –Parasitic Ion-Electron collider) Beam life-time Constraints: Electrons must be attached to the highest Z ions (e.g. Pb, Au) The beam of partially stripped ions can collide only with the proton or the fully-stripped light-ion beams The machine vacuum should not be worse than predicted for the IP-s (Rossi, Hillertet, LHC report 674 (2003) Log10(t1/2) preliminary Pb81+(1s)-p Pb81+(1s)-He+2 Pb81+(1s)-O+8 Log10(L/ 1027 cm-2s-1) Luminosity Allowed collision schemes: e.g. Pb81+(1s)-p, Pb81+(1s)-He+2, Pb81+(1s)-O+8 Achievable luminosities: (e.g. forPb81+(1s)-p - 0.4 x 1029 cm-2s-1) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  31. Selected highlights of the PIE collider • ep (eA) program in parasitic mode (inclusive measurements) • pA Luminosity measurement to ~1% precision and “easy”transport of the luminosity measurement to the pp running • Continuous, high precision beam diagnostics ( beam divergence, beam position, etc… • High precision, relative measurements (in the same detector) of hard processes of colored and uncolored partons (note… that longitudinal Heisenberg-delocalisation of a quark carrying a fraction of 5x10-4 of the nucleon is the same as for the K-shell electron) • Precise detector calibration down to low energies • … • Precise“LHC-home-made”diagnostic of the Wide-Band Partonic Beams (WBPB) for pp, pA and AA collisions(can the hadronic collider reach the precision of the electron-positron colliders?) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  32. Absolute ep luminosity:radiative ep collisions Elastic ep e p + g scattering at small angles Bethe-Heitler spectrum photons depend only on the proton charge – insensitive to its structure At HERA Photon detector At LHC? m-radian steering precision Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  33. Cross-calibration of processes involving “colored” partons and “color-blind” partons (electrons) F2Pb(x,Q0) (surface partons) Examples • Unfolding of the initial-state and the final-state partonic interactions at LHC (crossing t-channel and s-channel) • Measuring the energy dependence of partonic emittances • Model independent studies of jet shapes (electron recoil templates) • Scrutinizing partonic collective effects (higher twists) at the LHC • Precise detector calibration(e.g. direct model-independent jet calibration) sea-quarks K-shell electron valence-quarks Log(XBj) Example:Longitudinal momentum structure of electrically-charged components of thePb81+(1s) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  34. Kinematical domain of the WBPB diagnostic Q > MW Note:Complementarities of s- and t-channel Electro-weak probes – determining of partonic Emittance… DGLAP evolution Q > Mb Comment on trigger… Note: The ep luminosity used in the first measurement of the Structure Function F2 at HERA for (10<Q2<60 GeV2) - could be collected in 6 days of the Pb81+-p collision runs at LHC Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  35. Outlook • In the initial phase of the LHC experimental program the emphasis will certainly be put on scrutinizing the anticipated discovery scenarios using the standard operation modes of the LHC collider and the standard data configuration of the LHC detectors • However, the dedicated searches must be (in my view) backed-up by open to surprises generic searches • The research tools for the generic searches have to be worked out now and should influence the running scenarios of the LHC collider and the final configuration of the data taking process in the LHC experiments. • The W-boson, Z-boson and electron beams are the selected examples of the « beam-tools » presented for this seminar. • The electroweak boson beams could be of help in exploring the mechanism of the electroweak symmetry breaking while the electron beam could provide a high precision, home-made diagnostic of partonic beams underlying the precision of all the LHC measurements. Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  36. Precise “LHC-home-made” diagnostic of Wide-Band Partonic Beams (WBPB) Machine-physicist picture (classical level – real particles) Standard-Model-physicist picture (quantum fluctuation level – virtual particles) bunches of protons (ions) - rp bunches of partons - rparton r.m.s. bunch length (~ 7 cm) r.m.s. bunch length (105–10–1)fm)/g r.m.s. momentum spread (~ 10-4) r.m.s. momentum spread (~ 1-10-4) r.m.s. bunch radius at IP (16 mm) r.m.s. proton radius 1fm(a log s +b (log s)2) r.m.s. divergence at IP (32 mrad) r.m.s. divergence ( (aLQCD + b(pl,pt))/E) bunch-bunch collective effects collective parton effects (HT) Electron beam helps in determining the basic parameters of the partonic collider… Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

  37. Complementarities of jet calibration using the e-jet and the Z-jet samples H1 large ET analysis Jet position determined by the longitudinal energy flow in the electron direction Over-constrained system: In ep collisions one knows precisely where, in h, the recoil jet is produced (jet templates) Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny - Pierre et Marie Curie University - Paris

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