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Genetic Modification in Organisms

Explore the world of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), from the basics of GM technology to its various applications in agriculture, medicine, biofuels, and more. Learn about the pros and cons of GMOs and delve into the GMO controversy in Hawaii.

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Genetic Modification in Organisms

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  1. GMO

  2. What is a Genetically Modified Organism? • It involves the insertion of DNA from one organism into another OR modification of an organism’s DNA in order to achieve a desired trait. Suntory "blue" rose

  3. How does this differ from Mendel and his peas? • GM vs Selective Breeding • Selective breeding • Slow • Imprecise • Modification of genes that naturally occur in the organism • GM • Very fast • Precise • Can introduce genes into an organisms that would not naturally occur!

  4. Genetic engineering vs agricultural breeding Artificial selection has influenced the genetic makeup of livestock and crops for thousands of years. Proponents of GM crops say GM foods are safe. Critics of GM foods say: Traditional breeding uses genes from the same species. Selective breeding deals with whole organisms, not just genes. In traditional breeding, genes come together on their own.

  5. Agricultural breeding Traditional breeding changes organisms through selection, while genetic engineering is more like the process of mutation.

  6. Genetically modified organisms

  7. Biotechnology is impacting our lives • Biotechnology: the material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms • Transgenic organism: an organism that contains DNA from another species • Transgenes:the genes that have moved between organisms

  8. GMO in Medicine • Insulin (e.g., SemBioSys Genetics Inc- saflower) • Clotting factors • Atryn (anticoagulant). • Banana vaccines • Cancer fighting eggs

  9. GMO in Biofuel Rapeseed (i.e., canola) Algenol Biofuels

  10. GMO in Bioremediation Enviropig i.e., “Frankenswine” • Poplar trees remove groundwater contaminants • Able to digest and process phosphate

  11. GMO in Pesticides + • Kills caterpillars but not poisonous to humans http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v12/n2/full/7290120a.html

  12. GMO in Manufacturing + • Produces silk in milk to make Biosteel

  13. Some genetically modified foods Bt crops

  14. Some genetically modified foods Soybean Roundup ready crops

  15. Some genetically modified foods Ice minus strawberries

  16. Some genetically modified foods Golden rice

  17. Some genetically modified foods Starlink corn

  18. Some genetically modified foods AquAdvantage salmon

  19. genetically modified baby

  20. Common GM Foods • Products • Corn • Canola • Potatoes • Tomatoes • Squash • Soybeans • Flax • Cottonseed oil • Sugarbeets

  21. Common GM Foods

  22. Genetically Modified Foods • Experts say 60% to 70% of processed foods on U.S. grocery shelves have genetically modified ingredients. • Common GM crops: • Soybeans • Corn • Cotton

  23. Genetically Modified Foods Cons • Introducing allergens and toxins to food • Accidental cross pollination • Antibiotic resistance • Creation of "super" weeds and other environmental risks

  24. Genetically Modified Foods Pros • Increased pest and disease resistance • Grow food in harsh climate • Increased food supply (more food/acre) • More nutritional value • Make drugs Ring spot virus

  25. GMO Controversy in Hawaii http://hawaiiseed.org/local-issues/taro/

  26. GMO Controversy in Hawaii • Undermines the genetic integrity of taro, sacred to the Hawaiian people; • Threatens the taro market and livelihood of taro farmers. Taro production yields over 6 million pounds annually valued at $3.3 million. • Threatens the biodiversity of the taro plant; • Could cause new, unexpected problems in taro cultivation; • Could contaminate traditional varieties of taro and take away taro farmers’ ability to choose what they grow in their lo’i; and • Overlooks the wealth of traditional knowledge about growing taro that has been passed down through generations. http://hawaiiseed.org/local-issues/taro/

  27. Inquiry • Provide three potential benefits and drawbacks of GMOs. • What benefit does golden rice provide? • What is a transgene? • Which organism is most often used in GM?

  28. Inquiry 5. Dog breeds are an example of A) Artificial selection B) Natural selection C) Genetic modification

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