Lecture Series: ‘Agriculture, Rural Employment and Inclusive Growth’ Camilla Toulmin

1. Lecture Series: ‘Agriculture, Rural Employment and Inclusive Growth’ Camilla Toulmin Director, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Whose Food – Whose Farm? Tuesday 4 October 2011

2. Whose food, whose farm?SID Lecture, ISS The Hague Camilla Toulmin, IIED October 4th 2011

3. Land tenure and international investments in agriculture. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition Recommendations to the UN-CFS, Rome October 17-21, 2011

4. Drivers of price volatility and food insecurity • Short • Medium • Long term • Recommendations include measures for stocks, trade, speculation, demand, investment in agriculture, price in externalities, promote FS strategies.

5. Study Team members and Steering group Chair

7. Estimated Inventories of areas involved in large-scale land investment

8. Not just land but water too….

9. Title

10. Early impacts • Huge diversity of investments and context • Growing research base, but no definitive answers • Growing evidence of inadequate consultation and compensation, local conflict/resistance, land/resource loss – but few studies have considered investment project as a whole • Risks exacerbated when wider pressures on land taken into account

11. Who, why and how? • Multiple interests, domestic, regional, global; long-standing commercial players plus new players • Food, feed, flowers, biofuel, forests… • Governments – ministries and agencies – play a key role

12. Domestic investors significant

13. Principal drivers • Public policy • Market forces • Environmental pressures

14. Public policy measures • Biofuel targets • Food security • Investment promotion

15. Market forces Rising demand and prices for food, feed and fuels Growing interest in land as investment asset

16. Environmental pressures • Water scarcity • Drought • Conservation – wildlife and landscape • Forestry and carbon markets

17. Land tenure systems • Gap between statutory and customary law and practice • Legal pluralism + institutional shopping • Bundle of rights – primary/secondary rights; individual/collective • Very low coverage documented rights • Slow, high cost, inaccessible processes

18. Title

19. Nomadic Pastorialists

21. Title

22. Small and large scale farming • Long-standing debate on economies of scale. Up-downstream supply chain linkages • What evidence of difference in social, gender, environmental performance?

24. Sharing value, joint ventures • Joint ventures/co-ownership • Contract farming • Tenancy/sharecropping • Community leases Mix of ownership, voice, risk, reward

25. The main actors involved in international land deals

26. Multiple instruments, what power? • High level UN principles based on Human Rights (e.g. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Right to Food, Business and Human Rights) • Voluntary Guidelines, PRAI, Roundtables and certification for sustainable palm oil, soy, forestry, biofuels, etc.)

27. National level measures • Land policies and property rights – what recognition customary, collective, unwritten land and water rights? • Environment and social impact assessment – a legal requirement? • Fiscal policy – tax/subsidies on land, farm production, credit, capital equipment

28. Recommendations from HLPE Measures to be undertaken by: • Host country • Corporate investors • Donor governments • Home governments of countries where investor is headquartered • Civil society actors • UN CFS

29. Host country government • Inclusive debate on agricultural pathways and long term choices • Strengthen and respect local rights over land and natural resources, FPIC • Promote smallscale farming, encourage inclusive business models, demand better deals from investors

30. Investment contracts • Legal support for better deals • Open-up contracts for wider scrutiny • Better investment relies on better contracts • Who participates, when and how? Local vs. national actors • Transparency, monitoring,accountability

31. Better corporate practice • Adhere to legal responsibilities re human rights • Follow best practice re FPIC, consultation with local community, and industry guidelines re environmental and social impacts

32. Donor governments • Align bilateral and multilateral activities • Fulfil G8 and G20 commitments to increase funding for agriculture • Increase research to sustainable intensification, agro-ecological methods, bridging the yield gap and building institutions/knowledge/social capital

33. Figure 8.1: Actual and agro-ecologically attainable yields for wheat in selected countries. (Source: Bruinsma 2009)

34. Investors’ Home Governments • Remind governments of their responsibility to ensure their companies operate to highest standards re human rights and environmental management • Establish mechanism for redress for people in third countries to hold company/investor to account

35. Civil society and farmer groups • Support farmer representation in-country, and social movements of rural poor + monitor investment contracts • Open up in-country dialogue, link farmers with parliament, press • Strengthen international info sharing on land acquisition and global campaign strategies

36. UN-Committee on Food Security • Govts should report annually on aligning investment and food security • Govts to abolish biofuel targets and subsidies • Approve VG, and establish observatory for tenrue and right to food • Support regional processes eg. AU-LPI • Ensure effective consultation on PRAI

38. www.iied.org

39. Title - Mali

40. Lecture Series: ‘Agriculture, Rural Employment and Inclusive Growth’ Camilla Toulmin Director, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Phil Woodhouse School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester Chair: Max Spoor (ISS)