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The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation. 1517-1648. Objectives. To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society.

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The Protestant Reformation

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  1. The Protestant Reformation 1517-1648

  2. Objectives To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society

  3. The Catholic Church Power of the Pope: Head of the Catholic Church Occupies God’s position on earth Infallible Above any earthly power Made international treaties All clergy take vows of celibacy -stay unmarried

  4. What Catholics Believe The Seven Sacraments: Baptism Confession Eucharist (mass/communion) Confirmation Marriage Holy Orders –men to become priests, women to become nuns Anointing of the Sick-Last rites

  5. The Catholic Church in 1500 The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe Held the monopoly on information and education Owned a great deal of property People resented the wealth of the Church The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes The Church was corrupt!

  6. Conflicts That Challenged the Authority of the Catholic Church Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury-the lending of money and charging interest German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

  7. Height of Papal Corruption Pope Leo X- 1513-1521 Medici Pope -second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent Lived a lavish lifestyle Depleted Papal coffers Money needed for the reconstruction of St. Peter’s and other art commissions. Pope Leo X, Giovanni de Medici, with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

  8. Height of Papal Corruption Leo X had to find a solution to the Church’s money problems: Sale of Church offices- simony Sale of indulgences!

  9. Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church not start a separate church

  10. Martin Luther 1483-1546 Born in 1483 in Eisleben- Holy Roman Empire 1505 became a monk Moved to Wittenberg in 1511 Strong sense of unworthiness Troubled by the sale of indulgences Catholic Church taught that it was faith and good works that saved a person

  11. Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church: Indulgences and Justification (forgiveness of sins). Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority - not the pope or clergy

  12. Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works

  13. Holy Roman Empire in 1500 Located in modern day Germany Not a united country but a patchwork of independent states

  14. Holy Roman Empire in 1500 Each State had its own prince. The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V

  15. The Hapsburgs Ruled the HRE Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1519-1556 Inherited the Holy Roman Empire at the age of 25 Had to hold his empire together He was Catholic-The Princes were converting to Lutheranism!

  16. Sale of Indulgences Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517 “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs.”

  17. What was an Indulgence? A Papal pardon for sins. Purgatory-a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory

  18. What was an Indulgence? You could purchase one for yourself or a departed relative Indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory according to Luther

  19. Martin Luther’s Actions Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one.

  20. How Did Word Spread So Quickly? Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press

  21. Reaction To Luther Gained support from people and criticism from Church Luther had the support of many, including the princes in the HRE Millions converted

  22. Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible. Romans 1:17 “The righteous shall live by faith.”

  23. Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings Banned Indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints Simplified the elaborate mass and emphasized the sermon Permitted clergy to marry

  24. Luther’s Showdown with the Church June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication Papal Bull -Official document issued by the Pope Luther was ordered to recant-take back- his teachings

  25. Luther’s Showdown with the Church Luther burned the Papal Bull Excommunicated! His behavior caused a conclusive and irrevocable break with Roman Catholic Church

  26. The Diet of Worms-April 1521 Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms Diet-assembly or meeting-of German princes Luther asked to recant, he again refused. Charles V issued the Edict of Worms Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner

  27. Edict of Worms Declared Luther an outlaw by Charles V It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle

  28. Luther Went into Hiding Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!) This spread his beliefs even further Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language.

  29. The Peace of Augsburg 1555 The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politically Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states Charles V, the HRE tried to force Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little success

  30. Results of The Peace of Augsburg: Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the HRE A Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran or Catholic but nothing else!

  31. Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition Literal interpretation of the Bible Predestination Faith revealed by living a righteous life Protestant work ethic Expanded the Protestant Movement

  32. Predestination Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination: God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not

  33. Theocracy Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland Theocracy-government run by church leaders Geneva became a magnet city for other reformers who took Calvin’s message home with them 16th century depiction of Calvinists engaged in an iconoclastic “cleansing” of a Catholic cathedral.

  34. Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII: The Anglican Tradition Henry VIII-King of England Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

  35. Henry VIII Opposed Luther’s beliefs Saw himself as a Roman Catholic even wrote a pamphlet denouncing Luther Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X

  36. Henry VIII Needed a Divorce! The Catholic Church does not permit divorce Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce a male heir only a girl- Mary Tudor Henry needed a male to preserve his throne

  37. Henry VIII Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir The Pope denied his request Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it

  38. Act of Supremacy-1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England” The all monarchs of England continue to hold the title

  39. The King was the Head of the Church! Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason Sir Thomas More was one of them!

  40. Another Girl for Henry Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn-there was actually a bit of an overlap! He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him a girl- Elizabeth BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETHSEPTEMBER 7, 1533

  41. BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETHSEPTEMBER 7, 1533 By the Queen Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And whereas it hath pleased the goodness of Almighty God of His infinite mercy and grace to send unto us at this time good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth of a princess to the great joy and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and of all his good and loving subjects of this his realm, for which inestimable benevolence so shown unto us we have no little cause to give high thanks, laud and praise unto our said Maker, like as we do most lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And inasmuch as we undoubtedly trust that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort and consolation, we therefore by this our letters advertise you thereof, desiring and heartily praying you to give with us unto Almighty God high thanks, glory, laud and praise, and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the said Princess accordingly. Given under our signet at my lords' Manor of Greenwich. The 7th day of September, in the 25th year of my said lord's Reign

  42. Henry’s Six Wives! Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived. Catherine of Aragon Annulled Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded Catherine Parr survived Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded Jane Seymour Died childbed fever Anne of Cleves Annulled http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml

  43. Henry VIII Children The children of Henry VIII of England were: First Child - Mary Tudor who became Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) Second Child - Elizabeth who became Queen Elizabeth I Third Child - Edward who became King Edward VI

  44. Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I died

  45. Elizabeth I Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants Made England a firmly Protestant nation Little religious turmoil for decades

  46. Protestant Catholic

  47. The Protestant Reformation Map

  48. Results of the Reformation In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths

  49. Branches of Christianity CHRISTIANITY Protestant Roman Catholicism Lutheran Martin Luther Anglican Henry VIII Calvinist John Calvin Eastern Orthodox Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

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