Chapters 20-21

1. Chapters 20-21 Protists and Fungi

2. IV. Kingdom Protista • Protist: eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or a fungus • Classified according to the way they obtain nutrition

3. V. Animal-like Protists: Protozoans • Zooflagellates: swim using flagella - many live in lakes and streams where they absorb nutrients through their cell membrane

4. Sarcodines: use pseudopods for feeding and movement - examples: amoebas, foraminiferans, heliozoans

5. Ciliates: use cilia for feeding and movement - example: paramecium

6. Sporozoans: do not move on their own; parasitic Plasmodium

7. Animal-like Protists and Disease 1. Malaria a. Plasmodium transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito b. Infects liver cells and red blood cells, causing them to burst

8. 2. African Sleeping Sickness – Trypanosoma transmitted by the tsetse fly; damage to nervous system 3. Amebic Dysentery – Entamoeba spread through contaminated drinking water; attacks wall of intestine

9. Ecology of Animal-like Protists 1. Recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter; serve as the base of food chains 2. Trichonympha: lives in digestive systems of termites; digests cellulose in wood

10. VI. Plant-like Protists: Unicellular Algae • Use chlorophyll and accessory pigments to make food from sunlight • Euglenophytes: have 2 flagella; no cell wall

11. Dinoflagellates: some photosynthetic, some heterotrophs

12. Chrysophytes: have gold-colored chloroplasts

13. Diatoms: produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicon

14. Ecology of Unicellular Algae 1. Make up a large part of phytoplankton – small, photosynthetic organisms found at the surface of the ocean 2. Symbiotic algae: some live together and help other organisms 3. Algal blooms: large masses of algae; dangerous to habitat

15. VII. Plant-like Protists: Red, Brown, and Green Algae • Red Algae: contain red accessory pigments; can live at great depths due to their efficiency in absorbing light energy

16. Brown Algae: contain brown accessory pigments; largest of the algae

17. Green Algae: share many characteristics with plants: photosynthetic pigments, cell wall composition

18. Uses of Algae 1. Major food source for ocean life 2. Used to treat health problems – ulcers, high blood pressure 3. Used as food thickeners – ice cream, salad dressing, pudding 4. Used in industry – plastics, waxes, deodorants, paints, artificial wood

19. 5. Most important contribution… Produce much of Earth’s oxygen through photosynthesis

20. VIII. Fungus-like Protists • Obtain nutrients from dead or decaying matter • Slime Molds 1. Cellular and acellular molds 2. Important in recycling organic material

21. Water Molds: live on dead or decaying organic matter in water, parasites on land Cause of the Great Potato Famine

22. IX. The Kingdom Fungi • Fungi 1. Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls 2. Digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it

23. Structure and Function of Fungi - Composed of tiny filaments called hyphae – some hyphae lack cross walls

24. Reproduction in Fungi 1. Most reproduce both asexually and sexually 2. Classified according to their structure and method of reproduction

25. X. Classification of Fungi • Common Molds - Zygomycetes 1. Reproduce using zygospores 2. Example: black bread mold

26. Sac Fungi - Ascomycetes 1. Reproduce using ascospores 2. Example: yeast • Club Fungi - Basidiomycetes 1. Reproduce using basidia 2. Examples: mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs

27. Imperfect Fungi – Deuteromycetes 1. Reproduce asexually only 2. Example: Penicillium – may have evolved from an ascomycete that lost its ability to reproduce sexually

28. XI. Ecology of Fungi • Decomposers - break down bodies and waste of other organisms (saprobes)

29. Parasites 1. Cause plant and animal diseases 2. Examples: ringworm and athlete’s foot form on outer layers of skin

30. Symbiotic Relationships 1. Lichens – fungus and a photosynthetic organism 2. Mycorrhizae – fungi on plant roots; help plants grow