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Health Skills I Student Lecture Packet

Health Skills I Student Lecture Packet. Health Skills I. Unit 101 Infection Control. Objectives. Identify the nature of microorganisms, how organisms grow, their transmission, body defenses of the human host, and related terminology. Unit 101.1 Microorganisms. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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Health Skills I Student Lecture Packet

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  1. Health Skills I Student Lecture Packet

  2. HealthSkillsI Unit 101 Infection Control

  3. Objectives • Identify the nature of microorganisms, how organisms grow, their transmission, body defenses of the human host, and related terminology

  4. Unit 101.1Microorganisms • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • first observed microorganism under a microscope in 1693

  5. Microorganisms are Everywhere! • inside and outside our bodies • in food, air, and water • some are useful • fermentation of food • small percentage cause disease • organisms can be spread • healthcare workers need to understand how to break cycle

  6. Exciting Moments in Microbiology • Ignatz Semmelweiss 1860 • reduced the transmission of puerperal fever by handwashing

  7. More Exciting Moments in Microbiology • LOUIS PASTEUR 1861 • proposed the “Germ Theory”

  8. Definitions • Microorganism • microscopic living things that individually are too small to be seen with the naked eye, only seen under microscope • example: germs & microbes • Pathogen • microorganisms capable of causing disease

  9. Definitions • Communicable disease • a pathogenic organism passed from one host to another • Host • one infected with a pathogenic microorganism • Susceptible host • one unable to fight off infection due to low resistance

  10. Definitions • Colonized • presence of microorganisms in or on a patient, without clinical signs and symptoms • Infection • colonization invasion of body tissues by disease producing pathogenic microorganisms • Re-infection • infected a second time by same pathogen

  11. Definitions • Cross infection • spread to another person by air currents or health worker • Co-infection • infected with more than one organism • Secondary infection • an infection acquired following a primary illness • Nosocomial • infection acquired within a healthcare facility.

  12. Pathogenic OrganismsVirus • acellular • cannot survive independently • parasite • can only survive on living tissue • cannot be treated by antibiotics, may use antiviral drugs • vaccinations can prevent a number of viral infections

  13. Pathogenic OrganismsVirus • Examples: • polio, influenza, common cold, HIV, Hepatitis B, mumps, herpes Bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria)

  14. Pathogenic OrganismsBacteria • simple unicellular organism • three shapes • coccus, bacillus, spirillium • Clostridium tetani • bacterium that causes tetanus

  15. Pathogenic Organisms Bacteria • can be treated by antibiotics • examples: • strep throat, abscesses, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme disease • vaccinations can prevent some bacterial infections • example: • pneumonia

  16. Pathogenic Organisms Fungi • molds and yeast • multicellular or unicellular organisms, more complex than bacteria

  17. Pathogenic Organisms Fungi • Examples: • athletes foot, ringworm, vaginal yeast infection, thrush Pilobolus, a fungus

  18. Pathogenic Organisms Protozoa • largest single celled organism • relatively few cause disease in humans • many parasites passed by insects • transmitted by food

  19. Pathogenic Organisms Protozoa • Examples: • malaria, dysentery, sleeping sickness Amoeba, a protozoan

  20. Pathogenic OrganismsClostridium difficile (C. difficile) • C. difficile is: • a pathogenic species of anaerobic bacteria causing pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea, after receiving antibiotic therapy. This is frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea

  21. Definitions • Anaerobic • a microorganism that grows and lives in the complete or almost complete absence of oxygen • Pseudomembranous colitis • diarrhea caused by overuse of antibiotics transmitted by healthcare workers not washing hands properly

  22. Pathogenic Organisms C. difficile • common hazard of antibiotic use • most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea • may cause bleeding & bowel perforation • can exist months on environmental surfaces & flourishes on hands of healthcare workers • At risk patients: • chemotherapy, antibiotic therapy & gastrointestinal procedures

  23. C. difficile • Standards of care for patient w/ diagnosis of C. difficile • good handwashing before & after patient care procedures • use of Standard Precaution barriers for Contact Isolation guidelines (gown, gloves, private room) • the antibiotic related to the cause of C. difficile will be discontinued by physician and further care will begin

  24. Pathogenic OrganismsVancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) • VRE is: • a bacteria that normally lives in the digestive tract that has developed a resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin and most other antibiotics

  25. Definitions • Vancomycin • antibiotic used to treat strep and staph infections • Enterococcus • any Streptococcus that inhabits the intestinal tract

  26. Pathogenic Organisms VRE • caused by overuse of antibiotics • VRE infections frequently found in: • urinary tract, at surgical sites, and in the bloodstream • spreads through: • direct contact with a VRE infected patient • direct contact with surfaces & equipment contaminated with VRE • hands of a healthcare worker contaminated with VRE • lives weeks on surfaces

  27. VRE • At risk patients for VRE: • immunosuppressed conditions • history of vancomycin therapy • indwelling urinary or central venous catheters • elderly • abdominal surgery patients • wounds/burn victims

  28. VRE • Standards of Care for VRE diagnosed patients: • good handwashing before & after care • use Standard Precaution barriers and contact Isolation Precautions • the antibiotic will be discontinued by a physician with plan for further care

  29. Pathogenic Organisms(MRSA) • Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is: • bacteria that populates the skin, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, the intestines and genitourinary tracts that has become resistant to the antibiotics methicillin and penicillin

  30. Pathogenic Organisms MRSA • endemic (expected “normal” incidence) within community &tertiary hospitals, skilled-nursing facilities & long-term care • most frequent sites of this bacteria is the nares, groin, axilla and gut • transmitted primarily on the hands of the healthcare workers

  31. MRSA • At risk patients for MRSA: • those on broad-spectrum antibiotics therapy • immunosuppressed patients • burn patients • central venous catheters • surgical wounds • prolonged hospital stays

  32. MRSA • Standard of care for patient w/MRSA diagnosis: • topical ointment to nostrils • if infected, vancomycin

  33. Key FactorsC. difficile, VRE, MRSA • handwashing & standard precautions • single room for infected/colonized patients • use antiseptic cleansers in high risk areas • daily cleansing of environmental surfaces that have had direct hand contact

  34. Key FactorsC. difficile, VRE, MRSA • dedicate equipment for exclusive use for infected patient(stethoscopes, BP cuffs, etc.) • keep equipment off bed & bed tables • provide protective gear to patient when leaving their room (mask, gown, etc.)

  35. Infection Cycle • Three Elements Required: • source of infecting microorganisms • susceptible host • mode of transmission source susceptible host mode of transmission

  36. Infection Cycle • Source • may include persons with acute disease • persons in the incubation period of disease • persons who are colonized by infectious agent • persons who are chronic carriers • can be inanimate objects

  37. Infection Cycle • Host • one infected with a pathologic microorganism • resistance varies • may develop immunity • may be an asymptomatic carrier • may develop clinical disease

  38. Infection CycleTransmission • May be transmitted by more than one route • Five main routes: • contact-direct or indirect • droplet • airborne • common vehicle • vectorborne

  39. 1. Contact Transmission • *most frequent mode of noscomial infection • Direct Contact • skin to skin • Indirect Contact • contact with an inanimate object contaminated by the infected patient

  40. 2. Droplet Transmission • a form of contact transmission • droplets are propelled a short distance (3 feet) • droplets are deposited on hosts such as the mucous membranes of eye, nose or mouth • droplets are generated by • coughing, sneezing or talking

  41. 2. Droplet Transmission • droplets transmitted during medical procedures of bronchoscopy or suctioning that put healthcare workers at risk • private room ideal • Can be placed w/other similar conditions 3’ apart if room availability is an issue • healthcare worker must wear mask when caring for a person with droplet isolation precautions • Example: • Influenza

  42. 3. Airborne Transmission • spreads by way of airborne dropletsor dust particles containing infectious agents (microorganisms) and inhaled by the new host • spread by air currents • special handling and ventilation required to prevent transmission • requires private room • Examples • tuberculosis, rubeola, and varicella (chicken pox), herpes zosters viruses spread via airborne transmission

  43. 3. Airborne Transmission • spreads by way of airborne dropletsor dust particles containing infectious agents • spread by air currents • special handling and ventilation required to prevent transmission • requires private room • Examples • tuberculosis, rubeola, and varicella (chicken pox), herpes zosters viruses spread via airborne transmission

  44. 4. CommonVehicle Transmission • microorganisms transported by contaminated food, water, medication or equipment • Examples: • Hepatitis A, salmonella, Typhoid Fever

  45. 5. Vectorborne Transmission • vectors transport disease • mosquitoes, flies, ticks, rats and other vermin transmit disease • Examples: • rabies, malaria, Rocky Mountain Fever Tick

  46. How Microorganisms Grow in Humans • Need: • food • oxygen • aerobes-need oxygen • anaerobes-do not need oxygen • temperature • 98.6 F or 36 C or warmer • moisture • pH • acidity or alkalinity

  47. Natural Defensesof the Host • Hairs • cilia • Fluid • tears, ear wax, blood • Skin Tissue • intact and healthy • Proper Rest • Proper Nutrition • Natural Immunity • childbirth & disease process • Phagocytosis • cells that can destroy bacteria • Normal flora • bacteria present that do not normally cause disease • streptococci

  48. Predisposing Factors for Disease • Poor nutrition • Fatigue • Poor health habits • Pre-existing illness • Gender • Genetics • Climate/Weather • Occupational • Age • very young • very old • Medical treatment • chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone morrow transplants, immuno-suppressed conditions, indwelling catheters

  49. Knowledge Assessment • 1. Give the definition for microorganism. • 2. List two examples of virus, bacteria, and fungi. • 3. List the 3 required elements of the infection cycle. • 4. Compare and contrast contact, droplet, and airborne transmission of microorganisms. • 5. List five natural defenses of the body.

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