Phonemes

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2. Phonemes • Phonemes are the absolute smallest unit of speech • They are single, pairs, or groups of letters that make up the sounds that, when put together, create words • Some examples are: a,b,th,sh

3. Words • Words are the building blocks of speech • These units of speech are groups of letters that when strung together carry a meaning • In speech there are several different types of words that all play different roles in speech • These include nouns, verbs ,adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections and adjectives

4. Nouns • These units of speech represent people, places, things or ideas/concepts. • There are two types • 1)Common nouns: these are all the generalized nouns ex: park, mailperson, apple • 2)proper nouns are specific nouns such as Victoria or curious George • These are always capitalized

5. Verbs • Verbs are action words, they describe what the nouns do or their state of being • There are two types of verbs: a) Action verbs deal with physical actions such as running jumping and spinning b) Linking verbs describe actions to do with the senses and other states of being, the most common of which is “to be”

6. adverbs • Adverbs are words that modify verbs: • I paint NEATLY. • They can modify other adverbs: • I paint VERY neatly. • Adverbs often (but not always!) end in “ly” • Examples= carefully , quietly and highly

7. Pronouns • These parts of speech exist to replace nouns or noun phrases thus avoid repetition • There are two types • 1)personal pronouns Which are things such as he, she ,it ,they ,them, we ect. 2)Interrogative pronouns: these are pronouns that ask questions-where?, what? and why?

8. Conjunctions “conjunctions as their name implies are the ties that bind together day and night ,calm but cool ,dull yet bright” • These parts of speech are word that bind together other words, phrases and clauses • These are used in sentence combining to create more interesting sentences and avoid comma splicing • Fanboys is an acronym used to represent seven of the most common conjunctions : for ,and .nor,but,or,yet and so “conjunction junction, what’s your function?”

9. Adjectives • Adjectives are words that describe a noun or pronoun • They describe size, shape, colour etc. • Examples: • He was very short before he grew. • Victoria is beautiful

10. Interjections • An interjection is an outcry or sudden utterance • These are often used to begin a sentence and are always followed by either an exclamation point or a comma • Some examples are oh!, wow! and ouch! • Wow! She can run really fast

11. Prepositions • Prepositions are words that describe the relationships between two objects in time and space • Some examples are on, behind under beside... • Ex:The dog is under the table

12. Phrases and clauses • These parts of speech are groups of grammatically related words that are later used to form sentences and then paragraphs.

13. Phrases • These are a group of grammatically related words that are used to form sentences • The defining factor of phrases is that they contain either a subject or predicate ,but not both • Ex:On the moon

14. Clauses • Unlike phrases, clauses contain both a subject and a predicate • There are two types of clauses, dependant and independent • Independent clauses contain both a subject and predicate and can stand alone as a complete thought ex:Jhonny ran fast. • Dependant clauses contain both a subject and predicate but can’t stand alone as a complete thought. Ex:While the sun shone

15. Sentences • Sentences are groups of words that have a subject and predicate and are used to for m paragraphs • There are 4 sentence types • 1)Simple sentence-contains one independent clause Ex: Emma walked to the park. • 2)Compound sentence-contains two or more independent clauses ex:The girl walked to the store and her friend came to. • 3)Complex sentence-contains one independent and one dependant clause ex:While it rained, Rachel played cards. • 4)Complex/compound sentence-contains one dependant clause and two independent clauses ex:While it rained, Rachel played cards and Sara played video games.

16. Paragraphs • Paragraphs are formed when writers use sentences grouped together to try to get a point across to a reader • They are also used to create stories • There are 3 main types of paragraphs • 1)persuasive-this kind of paragraph is trying to convince the reader of a certain opinion • 2)narrative-this king is telling a story or they can be used to describe routines • 3)descriptive-these types of paragraphs are used to create visual pictures of something in a story

17. Conclusion • Speech is amazing and it is important to understand • I hope you now all know a little more about speech!