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Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark ma.slu.se Mail: ( staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se )

M ETAL L EVELS AND M ICROBIAL E FFECTS IN F OREST S OILS AT THE A VESTA AND O XELÖSUND S TEEL W ORKS. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS (rapport JK 95041 2006-03-24) Lage Bringmark and Staffan Åkerblom

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Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark ma.slu.se Mail: ( staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se )

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  1. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS (rapport JK 95041 2006-03-24) Lage Bringmark and Staffan Åkerblom Department of Environmental Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala in cooperation with Jernkontoret (the study was performed in 2002 and 2003) Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  2. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Objectives • Study the load and exposure from metals in organic forest top soils (mor layer) around 2 major steel works in central Sweden • Use total metal concentrations in soil and porewater (tension lysimeter in vitro) to study the exposure of metals to soil microbial ecosystems • Study to what degree alkaline deposition affects metal exposure and possibly microbial function • Study metal effects on forest soil microbial function by the use of small scale spatial patterns Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  3. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Production: Major metals: • Since 17th century • (Cu and Zn) • Stainless steel 1920- • Moved 1949 to present location • Smelting of scrapmetals • molybdenum • chromium • nickel • (iron, copper, vanadium and cadmium) Avesta Oxelösund • Iron(!) • molybdenum • Vanadium • (chromium and zink) • Steelwork expanded production in the 1950s • Rawmaterial iron ores and coal Studysites Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  4. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Field study (sampling for small scale spatial patterns) A: Metals intercepted by trees are heterogeneously deposited on the forest floor B: Samples are taken at the nodes of regular grid systems measuring 50*50m2 Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  5. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS 1: AGA 2: Kyrkbyn 3: Grönsinka (ref) 1:Fence 2: Brannäs 3: Lid (ref) Studysites Avesta Oxelösund Nyköping Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  6. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS MOR LAYER Podsol • Mor layer: Brown-blackish, high organic content (70-95%) and low pH (3.7-4.0). Dead • plant and animal material in different stages of decomposition. High metal retention • capacity. Differentiated in upper Of-layer, lower Oh-layer. • E-horizon: Grey colour, leached mineral soil, low organic content, pH 3.9-4.2. • B-horizon: Reddish-brown colour, mineral soil with precipitated aluminium-ironorganic • complexes, pH 4.3-4.7. Metal accumulation. • C-horizon: Light-brown colour, unaffected subsoil, pH 5-6 Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  7. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Total metal concentration mg * kg-1 mean at site *Ratio to reference= mean at reference Metal load / exposure (1) Avesta Oxelösund Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  8. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Pore water extraction 5 4 1 2 3 • Soil material from mor layer • Collection vessel • Suction vessel (-0.3 bar) • Ceramic lysimeter probe (1 μm pore size) • PVC tubing Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  9. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Alkaline deposition! Total metal concentration Kd= Dissolved metal concentration pH and metal solubility Avesta Oxelösund Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  10. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Dissolved metal concentration μg * L-1 mean at site *Ratio to reference= mean at reference Metal load / exposure (2) Avesta Oxelösund Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  11. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS However…. Strong covariation among metals! (Pearson correlation coefficient) Mo Mo 1 Cr Cr 0.612 1 Ni Ni 0.598 0.955 1 Mo Mo 1 Cr Cr 0.612 1 Ni Ni 0.598 0.955 1 Microbial response to metal load (and exposure…?) 1 AVESTA Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  12. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS However…. Strong covariation among metals! (Pearson correlation coefficient) Fe Fe 1 Mo Mo 0.817 1 V V 0.438 0.670 1 Fe Fe 1 Mo Mo 0.921 1 V V 0.771 0.904 1 Microbial response to metal load (and exposure…?) 2 OXELÖSUND Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  13. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Conclusion (1) • AVESTA: • Very high levels of metal concentrations • Only small fractions of cationic metal species (Cr and Ni) were dissolved • Mo was found in extremely high concentrations due to MoO4- -formation in alkaline condition • Very probable toxic effects on microbial respiration • OXELÖSUND: • High levels of metal concentrations • Small fractions of metal species were dissolved • No, or minor, disturbance on microbial respiration was found Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

  14. METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOREST SOILS AT THE AVESTA AND OXELÖSUND STEEL WORKS Conclusion (2) • Results on microbial toxicity were verified with experimentally derived toxic endpoints for individual metal species • Metal distribution in the soil profile was also studied • Further reading: • Metal levels and microbial effects in forest soils at the Avesta and Oxelösund steel works. Lage Bringmark and Staffan Åkerblom. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Jernkontoret(rapport JK 95041 2006-03-24) • Anthropogenic heavy metals in organic forest soils – Distribution, microbial risk assessment and Hg mobility. Staffan Åkerblom. PhD-thesis no. 2006:67. Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. (ISSN 1652-6880; ISBN 91-576-7116-8) Staffan Åkerblom , Lage Bringmark www.ma.slu.se Mail: (staffan.akerblom@ma.slu.se) Tel: +46 18 67 31 26

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