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Case Study of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Complicated by Pneumonia and Septic Shock

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This clinical vignette discusses the case of a 43-year-old Chinese man who presented with three weeks of fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Diagnosed with pneumonia shortly before admission, lab results revealed a concerning white blood cell count with significant blasts, leading to a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). His hospital course was complicated by neutropenic fever, septic shock due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, and respiratory distress. The patient received induction chemotherapy and aggressive supportive care, ultimately transitioning to hematology for continued management.

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Case Study of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Complicated by Pneumonia and Septic Shock

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  1. NYU Medical Grand Rounds Clinical Vignette Han Na Kim PGY-3 February 7, 2012 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

  2. Chief Complaint UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS • The patient is a 43-year-old Chinese man who presents with fatigue and weakness for 3 weeks.

  3. History of Present Illness UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS • Over the past month, he has been feeling weak and lightheaded. He has had decreased appetite and 4 lb weight loss. • A week prior to presentation, he was diagnosed with pneumonia when he presented to the Gouverneur clinic with fevers and cough. He was treated with 5 day course of azithromycin. • One day prior to admission, he presented to clinic for follow-up of his symptoms. During the visit, labs were drawn and results were notable for white blood cell count of 8 with 38% blasts, hemoglobin of 6.4, and platelet count of 63. • The patient was sent to the Bellevue emergency department for further inpatient workup and management.

  4. Additional History UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS • Past Medical History: • Hypertension • Past Surgical History: • None • Social History: • Denies use of tobacco and drinks alcohol occasionally • From China, lives with wife and three children, works as food deliverer • Family History: • Father: Gastric Cancer • Allergies: • No Known Drug Allergies • Medications: • None

  5. Physical Examination UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS • General: pale Asian man lying in no acute distress • Vital Signs: • T 98.0 ºF BP126/87 HR 78 RR 16 O2 sat 100% • HEENT: pale conjunctiva • Guaiac was negative • Remainder of the physical exam was normal

  6. Laboratory Findings UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS • CBC: • 7.8 > 5.8/16.9 < 62 • diff : Neut 31%, Band 5%, Lymph 21%, Mono 3%, Meta 1%, Myel 2%, Promyel 4%, Blast 33% • smear: Auer Rods • Basic Metabolic panel: within normal limits • Hepatic panel: within normal limits • PT/INR: 1.15 PTT: within normal limits • Haptoglobin: 292 (30-200) Fibrinogen: 443 (152-427) • LDH: 468 (110-225) Uric Acid: 6.8 (3.6-7.7)

  7. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS Working Diagnosis • The working diagnosis at this time was acute myeloid leukemia.

  8. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS Hospital Course • The patient was transfused and bone marrow biopsy was performed revealing acute myeloid leukemia. He was immediately started on induction chemotherapy. • On hospital day 7, he developed neutropenic fever to 104 ºF thought to be from pneumonia and possible phlebitis. • He was started on broad spectrum antibiotics with vancomycin/cefepime and blood cultures later grew out gram negative rods.

  9. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS Hospital Course • The next day, he further decompensated with new hemoptysis, persistent high fevers, tachycardia, tachypnea and severe hypoxia with arterial blood gas of 7.48/27/55/20/2.0. • He was transferred to the intensive care unit and intubated for hypoxic respiratory failure.

  10. Imaging Study UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

  11. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS Hospital Course • His chest x-ray was concerning for acute respiratory distress syndrome and he was ventilated with lung protective strategy on volume control of 450 ml, RR 20, PEEP 12, FiO2 of 70%. • He was further treated for septic shock with vancomycin/imipenem/metronidazole and norepinephrine. • Gram negative rods on blood cultures were finalized as pansensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae and his antibiotics were narrowed.

  12. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS Hospital Course • By hospital day 12, ARDS dramatically improved requiring minimal PEEP and FiO2. Sepsis improved and he was weaned off of norepinephrine. • The next day, he was successfully extubated after a week of intubation and on hospital day 15, he was transferred to the Hematology service for further care.

  13. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS Final Diagnosis • The final diagnosis of the patient is acute myeloid leukemia complicated by neutropenic fever and septic shock secondary to pneumonia, phlebitis and Klebsiella bacteremia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome.

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