The Protestant Reformation

1. TheProtestantReformation

2. Causes of the Reformation? • Church corruption • Avignon Papacy • Conciliarism • Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace] • Attacked papal authority • The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts! • Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy • Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land • Papal need for money  indulgences • Printing Press

3. Johann Gutenberg • A German goldsmith, who is credited with inventing a moveable-type printing system upon which he rolled out the first mass-produced bible, and in so doing revolutionized the storage and transmission of information. In the 1500’s over 20 million copies of the Bible were sold

4. Gutenberg Bible On September 30, 1454, Johann Gutenberg's Bible was published becoming the first book to be published in volume.

5. The Gutenberg Bible & The Printing Press • More readers • Cheaper and easier • More interpretations • More writers to talk about religion and secular topics • Now Christians could read for themselves

6. The Spread of the Printing Press

7. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

8. Abuses in the Church • People were sick of the corruption of clergy and the worldliness of the church. • THE PEOPLE WANTED CHANGE. • Popes and some clergy, like Renaissance rulers, maintained a lavish lifestyle. BLING BLING • They hired painters to paint beautiful murals on the church walls. • To pay for this the church increased the fees charged for things like baptisms and weddings..

9. Indulgences • The Church (Pope Leo X) also promoted the sale of indulgences (pardon for a sin committed during a person’s lifetime). • In the Middle Ages they were given because of good deeds but that changed in the Renaissance • By the 1400’s the church was selling them for money

10. Indulgences= Golden Ticket to Heaven

11. Martin Luther • Struck by Lightning as a child… • Begged God.. If he was allowed to live he would become a monk.

12. Martin Luther • As Protests against the church continued to grow… • Luther, a German monk and professor of Theology started a revolt that led reforms in the church and outside it. • Angry about a man selling indulgences, (which were supposed to get someone into heaven) Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a church in Germany. • Pope Leo X wanted Luther to Recant…he didn’t and was later Excommunicated

13. 95 Theses • Among other things, he argued that indulgences had no basis in the bible, • the pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory • Christians could be saved only through faith. • Lutherans had no mass but rather a sermon

14. Luther nails the 95 Theses to the door • 95 reasons why indulgences were wrong <- Actual door • Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology

15. Martin Luther vs. the Church • Luther was an overnight success and the people loved him. • The church tried to persuade Luther to recant his views. He would not. • The new Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V excommunicated Luther and made it a crime for anyone to give him food or shelter.

16. Luther’s Teachings • 1. Salvation could be achieved through faith alone and not by good deeds or being a good person. • 2. Declared that the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. Denied the authority of the pope. • 3. Rejected the idea that priests or other clergy had special powers. • Said that all Christians had equal access to God through faith and the Bible. • Rejected five of the seven sacraments because they were not in the bible. • Banned Indulgences, pilgrimages, prayers to saints, ritual of Mass, priests vow of celibacy. • Luther’s followers were called Protestants.

17. The Spread of Lutheranism

18. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

19. Peace at Augsburg • 1555 it was a document that gave German Princes the right to choose what church the people in their lands would be part of. • Most Northern states stayed Lutheran and most southern states stayed Catholic.

20. Calvin’s World in the 16c

21. John Calvin • Believed many of the teachings of Luther. • Believed in the idea of predestination (God had determined long ago who would go to heaven) • To his followers (Calvinists) the world was divided into saints and sinners. • Set up a Theocracy (government run by church leaders) in Geneva, Switzerland. • Stressed hard work, no laughing in church, no dancing, fighting or swearing.

22. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

23. Reformation Ideas Spread • The leader of the Catholic Reformation was Pope Paul III. • He wanted to revive the moral authority of the Church and turn back the protestant tide. • Also wanted to end corruption within the papacy itself.

24. Catholic Reformation What was done? • To establish reform, the Pope called for the council of Trent in 1545. • It met for almost 20 years and came up with reforms. • After the council, the church called for: • Stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption. • Created new Catholic schools that could combat the idea of Protestantism. The Counter or Catholic reformation only succeeded in keeping Europe divided between Catholics and Protestants. • Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

25. Jews and the Reformation • Jews had a hard time during the reformation. • Italy allowed Jews to thrive, Spain banished Jews from the country. • Pressure remained strong on the Jews to convert. • By 1516 Jews in Venice, Italy had to live in a separate quarter of the city known as the ghetto. Other cities set up walled ghettos for Jews

26. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)