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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. Review…. DNA: Found in the nucleus Double stranded Contains the i nstructions for controlling the cell (including instructions for making proteins) Has the bases A, T, C, G RNA: Can go outside the nucleus Single stranded Has the bases A, U, C, G Ribosomes:

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis

  2. Review… • DNA: • Found in the nucleus • Double stranded • Contains the instructions for controlling the cell (including instructions for making proteins) • Has the bases A, T, C, G • RNA: • Can go outside the nucleus • Single stranded • Has the bases A, U, C, G • Ribosomes: • Make proteins

  3. Steps of Protein Synthesis: • Transcription • Translation

  4. Transcription • DNA is “unzipped” by RNA polymerase • RNA polymerase breaks the Hydrogen bonds between the DNA bases to separate the two strands • RNA polymerase makes a copy of RNA from the DNA that has been separated • The strand of RNA that is made is called mRNA (messenger RNA)

  5. Transcription Transcription Animation

  6. Translation • mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm • Ribosomes attach to the mRNA strand and “reads” the information on the mRNA strand • Ribosomes also have RNA, called rRNA (ribosomal RNA), that does the “reading” • The information that is being “read” is called codons • Codons – a set of 3 bases

  7. Translation • When the RNA is “read”, tRNA (transfer RNA) attaches to the mRNA strand • tRNA will have complementary bases that will match up with the mRNA • These complementary bases on the tRNA are called anticodons • Anticodons match up with the correct codons • tRNA also has an amino acid attached to the bottom of it

  8. Translation • As more tRNAs attach to the mRNA, a bond will form between the amino acids on the tRNA • These bonds are called polypeptide bonds • As bonds form, tRNA detaches from the amino acids and mRNA Translation Animation

  9. Proteins!!! • When all the amino acids have bonded together, they are in a chain • This chain is a protein • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins • The protein chain will fold in to itself so that it is more compact to travel within and outside the cell

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