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Chapter 7: Spinal Cord

Explore the intricate details of spinal cord and peripheral nervous system anatomy in this informative review. Learn about gray and white matter composition, nerve structures, nerve plexuses, and cranial nerves functions.

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Chapter 7: Spinal Cord

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  1. Chapter 7: Spinal Cord Anatomy & Physiology Kasprowicz

  2. Quick Review • Gray matter vs. white matter - location - composition Terminology: CNS neurons - nuclei; tracts PNS neurons - ganglia; nerves

  3. Location & Appearance • cylindrical; ~ 17 inches (42 cm) long • Glistening white appearance • Protected by the vertebrae & the meninges • ~ size of thumb in diameter; enlargements in the cervical and lumbar regions (near limbs)

  4. Location & Appearance • Continuous with the medulla oblongata; extends to the first or second lumbar vertebrae (just below the ribs) • Ends in a collection of spinal nerves called the caudaequina

  5. General Functions • 2 way impulse conduction pathway to and from the brain from the body • Major reflex center

  6. Video Preview of Spinal Cord

  7. Spinal Cord Anatomy • Internal gray matter (mostly cell bodies); resembles a butterfly or the letter H • Surrounds the central canal containing cerebrospinal fluid

  8. Spinal Cord Anatomy • Dorsal (posterior) horns – contain interneurons and cell bodies of sensory neurons • If damaged, sensation from the body will be lost • Anterior (ventral) horns – contain cell bodies of motor neurons

  9. Spinal Cord Anatomy • Exterior white matter  conduction tracts • Sensory tracts – (afferent); tracts conducting sensory impulses to the brain • Motor tracts – (efferent); carry impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles • one side to the other

  10. Chapter 7: Peripheral Nervous System Anatomy & Physiology Kasprowicz

  11. Peripheral Nervous System • Contains nerves (bundles of neuron axons) & ganglia (groups of neuron cell bodies) found outside the CNS • Includes both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerves

  12. Structure of a Nerve in the PNS • Similar “packaging” to a muscle fiber • Neuron fibers (axons) are bundled by connective tissue

  13. Structure of a Nerve in the PNS

  14. Structure of a Nerve in the PNS • Individual nerve cell process is covered by the endoneurium. • Groups of nerve cell processes are bundled together into a fascicle, surrounded by the perineurium. • Fascicles are bound together by the epineurium = NERVE

  15. Cranial Nerves • 12 pairs that innervate the head and neck; the vagus nerves travel to the thoracic and abdominal cavities

  16. Cranial Nerves: Function I. Olfactory (bulb & tract) sensory; sense of smell • Optic sensory; sense of sight (vision)

  17. Cranial Nerves: Function • Oculomotor midbrain  eye; motor control of the eyeball, eyelid, lens shape & pupil size IV. Trochlear midbrain  eye; motor control of eye muscle

  18. Cranial Nerves: Function V. Trigeminal pons face - sensory impulses from skin on face; inside nose & mouth - activate chewing (motor)

  19. Cranial Nerves: Function VI. Abducens pons eye; motor control of eye muscle

  20. Cranial Nerves: Function • Facial pons face; - motor control of facial muscles, lacrimal & salivary glands - sensory impulses from taste buds

  21. Cranial Nerves: Function • Vestibulocochlear inner ear  brainstem; sensory information - vestibular (balance) - cochlear (hearing)

  22. Cranial Nerves: Function • Glossopharyngeal medulla  throat; - motor control of swallowing - sensory input from taste buds & pressure receptors in carotid artery

  23. Cranial Nerves: Function X. Vagus medulla  thorax & abdomen sensory/motor impulses from & to throat, voicebox, viscera of chest & abdominal cavities (parasympathetic motor neurons)

  24. Cranial Nerves: Function XI. Accessory medulla & superior spinal cord  muscles of neck/back motor control of sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles

  25. Cranial Nerves: Function XII. Hypoglossal medulla  tongue sensory & motor impulses from/to the tongue

  26. Mnemonic Device • Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, ahhh.

  27. PNS: Spinal Nerves & Nerve Plexuses Anatomy & Physiology Kasprowicz

  28. Spinal Nerves • 31 pairs consisting of the ventral & dorsal roots of the spinal cord • ½ long • Divide into the dorsal rami & ventral rami

  29. Spinal Nerves

  30. Spinal Nerves • Dorsal rami skin/muscles of posterior body trunk • Ventral rami - T1-T12 (rib muscles, skin/muscles of anterior & lateral trunk) - form plexuses

  31. Plexuses • Complex networks of nerves serving the sensory & motor needs of the limbs 1) cervical plexus diaphragm, shoulder & neck

  32. Plexuses 2) brachial plexus shoulder, upper thorax, arm & hand 3) lumbar plexus lower abdomen, hip & thigh 4) sacral plexus lower trunk, glutes, leg & foot

  33. Lumbar Plexus

  34. Sacral Plexus

  35. 2 9 5 1 13 8 7 11 4 12 3 6 10

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