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Shaping Argument: 4 Ways

Shaping Argument: 4 Ways. Classical Oration Induction Deduction Toulmin Model. Shape: the organization or the arrangement Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it. The Rhetorical Triangle. Exigence : an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak . .

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Shaping Argument: 4 Ways

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  1. Shaping Argument: 4 Ways • Classical Oration • Induction • Deduction • Toulmin Model • Shape: • the organization or the arrangement • Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

  2. The Rhetorical Triangle Exigence: an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak. Ethos Speaker = Rhetorical Context Pathos: Audience Subject = Logos

  3. Classical Oration: 5 part structure

  4. Classical Oration: 5 part structure

  5. “Not by Math Alone” (O’Connor & Romer, 2006) • Read the essay - together • Label the parts (classical oration) –together 3) Answer questions – on own

  6. The Rhetorical Triangle Exigence: an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak. Ethos Speaker = Rhetorical Context Pathos: Audience Subject = Logos

  7. Shaping Argument: 4 Ways • Classical Oration • Induction • Deduction • Toulmin Model • Shape: • the organization or the arrangement • Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

  8. Shaping Argument: Induction Example: Regular exercise promotes weight loss. Exercise lowers stress levels. Exercise improves mood and outlook. Generalization: Exercise contributes to better health.

  9. Shaping Argument: Induction • One more thing: • Not “true or false” arg., but… • “weak or strong” • Consider exceptions to the rules…vulnerabilities • Cannot lead to certainty, only probability • Examples When Used: • * Scientific Method • * Essay supported by reasons • * Car buying

  10. “from Outliers” (Malcolm Gladwell) • Read the essay - together 2) Dissect according to induction

  11. Shaping Argument: Deduction Example: Major Premise: Exercise contributes to better health. Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.

  12. Shaping Argument: Deduction Note: Strength: if first 2 premises are true = conclusion is logically valid Weakness: if either premise is false = conclusion can be challenged Example: Major Premise: Celebrities are role models for young people. Minor Premise: Lindsey Lohan is a celebrity Conclusion: Lindsey Lohan is a role model for young people.

  13. “The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson) Example of combo of both INDUCTION & DEDUCTION • Read the primary source - together • Dissect according to induction & induction The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism: Major Premise: Minor Premise: Conclusion:

  14. “The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson) Example of combo of both INDUCTION & DEDUCTION • Read the primary source - together • Dissect according to induction & induction The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism: Major Premise: Citizens have a right to rebel against a despot. Minor Premise: King George III is a despot. Conclusion: Citizens have a right to rebel against King George III How does Jefferson PROOVE the minor premise?

  15. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements

  16. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Evidence Claim Assumption Qualifier Reservation Backing Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  17. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Evidence: (it is raining) Claim (I should take my umbrella) Qualifier (probably) Reservation (unless it has a hole in it) Assumption (an umbrella will keep me dry) Backing (the material is waterproof) Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  18. The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share Evidence Claim Assumption Qualifier Reservation Backing Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  19. The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share 1) Grades should be abolished because they add stress to the learning experience. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  20. The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share 2) Until you buy me a diamond, I won’t know that you love me! Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  21. The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share 3) If we want to decrease gang violence, we should legalize drugs. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  22. The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share 4) You must obey her because she is your mother. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  23. The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share 5) Wifi should be available to everyone without cost since the Internet has become a vital part of our lives. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

  24. Vocab 4:2 Quiz…

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