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加工過程所產生之毒素 (二) 呋喃 Furan

加工過程所產生之毒素 (二) 呋喃 Furan. 陳俊成 台灣大學農化研究所畢 食品健康品質提升讀書會成員. 食品健康品質提升讀書會簡介. 是一個未立案的小讀書會。 由文長安擔任召集人,由幾個熱心食品健康品質提升食品碩士以上學歷社會人士組成。 每周周末在新北市永和區永安市場捷運站附近討論食品健康品質提升議題,討論結果會彙成 power point 供大家參考。 同時並提供最新簡報資料,供大家精進。. History. Furan 一詞源自拉丁文“ furfur ” ,其意為“腦” 。 1930 年代從焙炒咖啡中得知,呋喃是其香氣的一種成分。

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加工過程所產生之毒素 (二) 呋喃 Furan

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  1. 加工過程所產生之毒素(二)呋喃 Furan 陳俊成 台灣大學農化研究所畢 食品健康品質提升讀書會成員

  2. 食品健康品質提升讀書會簡介 • 是一個未立案的小讀書會。 • 由文長安擔任召集人,由幾個熱心食品健康品質提升食品碩士以上學歷社會人士組成。 • 每周周末在新北市永和區永安市場捷運站附近討論食品健康品質提升議題,討論結果會彙成power point供大家參考。 • 同時並提供最新簡報資料,供大家精進。

  3. History • Furan一詞源自拉丁文“furfur” ,其意為“腦” 。 • 1930年代從焙炒咖啡中得知,呋喃是其香氣的一種成分。 • 1970年代發現也存在於罐頭食品中,在食品中形成的主要路徑為碳水化合物的熱分解作用thermal decomposition。

  4. Furan的生成

  5. Five routes for furan formation • 1) Maillard reactions, • 2) thermal degradation of carbohydrates, • 3) thermal degradation of certain amino acids, • 4) thermal oxidation of ascorbic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids • 5) free radical reactions during irradiation. From:WHO/FAO: Technical report series 959, 2011

  6. Potential route of furan formation Sabrina Moro, et., al., Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2012, 56, 1197–1211

  7. From amino acids • 絲氨酸及胱氨酸等氨基酸,能形成乙醛acetaldehyde及乙醇醛glycolaldehyde,再經醛醇aldol縮合作用、環化作用及脫水作用後,即可形成呋喃。 • 天門冬酸、丙氨酸及羥丁氨酸僅能形成乙醛,因此需要其他物質,如還原糖、絲氨酸及胱氨酸,才能形成乙醇醛。 • 乙醛可能由絲氨酸經脫羧基化作用,及後續由中間產物乙醇氨ethanolamine的脫氨基作用而形成。 • 乙醇醛可經由斯特雷克氨基酸反應Strecker reaction反應在還原糖存在或不存在的情況下形成。

  8. From carbohydrates • 糖類高溫分解反應順序:D-erythrose > D-ribose > D-sucrose > D-glucose = D-fructose • 四個碳的碳赤蘚糖D-erythrose,形成Furan的速率為果糖及葡萄糖的8倍 • 50%的呋喃由葡萄糖進行降解作用,以C3–C4–C5–C6四個碳原子形成呋喃;10%以形成2-deoxy-3-keto-aldotetrose的方式,由C1–C2–C3–C4 碳原子形成呋喃;10%由形成2-deoxy-aldotetrose的方式,由C2–C3–C4–C5 碳原子形成呋喃; • 其餘30%的呋喃單獨由絲氨酸降解產生。

  9. From PUFA’s • 亞麻油酸及次亞麻油酸等不飽和脂肪酸,在118℃/30分鐘的加熱下,可行成呋喃。 • 次亞麻油酸的生成速率比亞麻油酸快4倍;氯化鐵能催化其反應,使速率提升數倍。 • 亞麻油酸及次亞麻油酸的三甘油脂,也能產生相對數量的呋喃。但在氯化鐵的存在下,生成量反會比游離態低。顯示油脂的氧化作用是形成呋喃的必要機制,呋喃可能由4-hydroxy-2-butenal經環化作用及脫水作用而成,同樣的反應也在脂質化學中存在。例如,呋喃原來源自5-pentylfuran , 5-pentylfuran 經常被當做酸敗的化學指標物,與4-hydroxy-2-nonenal的形成有關,它是4-hydroxy-2-butenal 的較高級同質物。一般而言,多元不飽和脂肪酸的氧化性降解作用,可導致脂質由非酵素性及酵素性作用,產生氫過氧化物。後續多元不飽和脂肪酸氫過氧化物的均裂作用 ( homolytic cleavages ),由過渡金屬離子所催化,而形成具有反應性的中間產物- 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals。

  10. From ascorbic acid • 抗壞血酸能很快的氧化成dehydroascorbic acid ,並在食品系統中水解成2, 3-diketogulonic acid 。 • 2, 3-diketogulonic acid繼續轉成aldotetrose,最後再轉成呋喃。 • 抗壞血酸鈉形成呋喃的量比游離酸少。 • 無論如何,在主要的非氧化性熱裂解的條件下,抗壞血酸無法進行氧化作用,產生2, 3-diketogulonic acid。取而代之的是,抗壞血酸能進行水解作用及β-脫去作用,再經脫羧基作用,形成3-deoxypentosulose,最後依核糖的路徑形成呋喃。 • 但是,在乾熱的條件下,脫水抗壞血酸能進行環化,形成其半酮縮醇態,因此能避免形成呋喃。

  11. pH的影響 Imre Blank, Bioactive Compounds in Foods, 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

  12. Vitamin C & headspace volume Agnieszka Owczarek-Fendor, et., al., Food Chemistry 121 (2010) 1163–1170

  13. Vitamin C concentration

  14. Impact of heating time

  15. With and with out protein

  16. Carbohydrates/sugar alcohol Agnieszka Owczarek-Fendor, et., al., Food Chemistry 133 (2012) 816–821

  17. Carbohydrates/protein addition

  18. Carbohydrates/ascorbic acid

  19. Carbohydrates/soybean oil

  20. Furan的吸收與代謝

  21. 吸收與排泄 • 在動物實驗中發現,呋喃可以很快的被小腸及肺部吸收。口腔投予同位素標記的呋喃,經8小時以後,追蹤同位素標記發現,絕大部分的呋喃位於肝臟,其它依序為腎臟、大腸、小腸、胃、血液及肺臟。 • 由於呋喃的極性低,因此可以透過生物膜,到達各個器官組織。 • 攝入24小時以後,約有80%經由尿液、糞便及呼吸排出體外。 • 高劑量攝取下(50 mg/kg bw),可直接由胃進入循環系統中。

  22. Furan的毒性

  23. Animal tumor incidences

  24. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity In vitro

  25. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity In vivo

  26. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity continue

  27. Health Risks • Furan is an animal carcinogen and classifi ed by IARC as a possible carcinogen to humans. • NOAELs based on a 2 - year bioassay have been identifi ed for cytotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity of 0.5 and 2 mg/kg bw, respectively. • Evidence indicates that the metabolite of furan, cis - 2 - butene - 1,4 - dial, plays an important role in furan – induced toxicity, including carcinogenesis, probably attributable to a genotoxic mechanism. From: Process-Induced Food Toxicants, 2009

  28. IARC Classification From:Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–109

  29. Bioactivation of furan CYP: cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes From: Nadiya Bakhiya· Klaus E. Appel:Arch Toxicol (2010) 84:563–578

  30. Furan的特性

  31. UK Food Standards Agency 2012 • Furan is highly volatile; • however once formed as a result of the heat treatment, • it cannot evaporate from processed food contained in an airtight sealed pack until the container is opened. • the amount of furan lost will be dependent on the conditions of storage.

  32. 食物中Furan的含量

  33. 綜合調查一 a:Morehouse et al. (2004) —US- FDA data b:Zoller et al. (2007)— data from Swiss Federal Office of Public Health C:EFSA (2009a)—data summary from 14 EU Member States From: Nadiya Bakhiya· Klaus E. Appel:Arch Toxicol (2010) 84:563–578

  34. 綜合調查二 From:Sabrina Moro1, et., al., Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2012, 56, 1197–1211

  35. Denmark-home made S&S Pork Arvid Fromberg , SCIENTIFIC REPORT submitted to EFSA , National Food Institute – Technical University of Denmark , 2009

  36. Denmark-French fries Fries: Oven:

  37. Denmark-home made crisps

  38. Denmark-home made pancakes

  39. Denmark-ready to eat foods

  40. Denmark-coffee

  41. Denmark-beverages

  42. Denmark-breakfast cereals

  43. Denmark-dry bread products

  44. Denmark-infant food

  45. Denmark-soup after heating

  46. Denmark-home toasted bread

  47. Denmark-toasted bread

  48. Swiss From: Janka VRANOVA and Zuzana CIESAROVA, Czech J. Food Sci., Vol. 27, 2009, No. 1: 1–10

  49. UK ACRYLAMIDE & FURAN: SURVEY 4/2012 由左至右:potato crisps, roast coffee, instant coffee, coffee subs, baby food, vegetable crisps, prefabricated potato snacks, popcorn, tortilla/corn chips, canned prunes.

  50. UKACRYLAMIDE & FURAN: SURVEY 5/2013

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