Pengukuran Pendapatan Nasional / output domestik

1. Pengukuran Pendapatan Nasional / output domestik Pengertian /bagaimana GDP didefinisikan Pengukuran /bagaimana GDP diukur Pendekatan dalam pengukuran Nominal vs Riil Indeks Harga Contoh PDB Indonesia Kelemahan Konsep GDP

2. Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome • Pengertian : • Total market value • All final goods • and services • Produced • In a given year

3. Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome • Pengertian : • A Monetary Measure • Avoiding Multiple Counting (Final goods ; Value Added) • Excludes Non Production Transactions ( Financial Transactions : Public transfer Payments; Private transfer Payments; Stock Market Transactions) and ( Secondhand Sales)

4. Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome • Pendekatan/Approach : • Spending/Expenditure Approach • Personal Consumption Expenditures ( C ) • Gross Private Domestic Investment ( I ) • Government Purchases ( G ) • Net Exports ( Xn) ; ( X – M) GDP = C + I + G + ( X – M )

5. Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome • Pendekatan/Approach : • Income Approach • Compensation of Employees • Rents • Interest • Proprietor’s Income • Corporate Profits

6. Mengapa pendapatan total dari suatu perekonomian sama dengan pengeluaran totalnya ? • GDP dapat mengukur pendapatan total setiap orang dalam suatu perekonomian serta pengeluaran total atas seluruh out put (barang dan jasa) dari perekonomian yang bersangkutan. Karena pendapatan dan pengeluaran merupakan dua sisi dari suatu mata uang yang sama. Bagi sebuah perekonomian secara keseluruhan, pendapatan harus sama dengan pengeluarannya. • Dalam diagram aliran sirkuler nampak sebagai berikut : Rumah tangga membeli berbagai barang dan jasa dari perusahaan, sedangkan perusahaan menggunakan penerimaan atau hasil penjualannya tersebut untuk membayar upah, pekerja, membayar sewa bangunan, membayar deviden dan sebagainya. GDP sama dengan jumlah total yang dibelanjakan oleh rumah tangga di pasar barang dan jasa. GDP juga sama dengan total upah, sewa, dan laba yang dibayarkan perusahaan di pasar factor produksi.

7. Penerimaan ( = GDP) Pengeluaran (= GDP) PASAR BARANG DAN JASA Pembelian barang dan jasa Pengeluaran barang dan jasa PERUSAHAAN RUMAH TANGGA Input untuk produksi Tenaga kerja, tanah, dan modal PASAR FAKTOR PRODUKSI Upah, sewa dan laba (= GDP) Pendapatan (= GDP) Diagram aliran sirkuler

8. Resource Market Money Income Costs Input Factors Resources Expenditures Resources Goods & Services Goods & Services Businesses Government Households Net Taxes Net Taxes Goods & Services Expenditures Goods & Services Goods & Services Product Market Consumption Revenue The Circular Flow Revisited

9. Hubungan antara GDP, NNP, NI, PI dan DI • Gross Domestic Product 12,487 • Consumption of fixed capital - 1574 • Net Domestic Product 10,913 • Statistical discrepancy - 43 + Net foreign factor income + 34 • National Income 10,904 • Taxes on productions and imports - 917 • Social security contributions - 871 • Corporate income taxes - 378 • Undistributed corporate profits - 460 + Transfer payment + 1970 • Personal Income 10,248 • Personal Taxes - 1210 • Disposable Income 9,038

10. Two Approaches to GDP Expenditure Approach Income Approach Consumption by Households Wages + + Rents Investment by Businesses + G D P + = = Interest + Government Purchases + Profits + Expenditures By Foreigners Statistical Adjustments

11. Expenditure Approach C • Personal Consumption Expenditures • Durable Consumer Goods • Nondurable Consumer Goods • Consumer Expenditures for Services • Gross Private Domestic Investment • Machinery, Equipment, and Tools • All Construction • Changes in Inventories • Noninvestment Transactions Ig

12. Expenditure Approach Gross Investment - Depreciation = Net Investment Net Investment Gross Investment Depreciation Increased Consumption & Government Spending Stock of Capital Stock of Capital January 1 Year’s GDP December 31

13. Expenditure Approach G • Government Purchases • Expenditures for Goods and Services • Expenditures for Social Capital • Net Exports • Xn = Exports (X) – Imports (M) Putting It All Together: • GDP = C + I + G + Xn • GDP= $8,746 + 2,105 + 2,363 - 727 = $12,487 in 2005 Xn

14. $ 8746 2105 2363 -727 $ 12,487 GDP Approaches Compared Accounting Statement for the U.S. Economy, 2005 in Billions Allocations Income Approach Receipts Expenditures Approach Personal Consumption (C) Gross Private Domestic Investment (Ig) Government Purchases (G) Net Exports (Xn) Gross Domestic Product Compensation Rents Interest Proprietor’s Income Corporate Profits Taxes on Production and Imports National Income Net Foreign Factor Income Statistical Discrepancy Consumption of Fixed Capital Gross Domestic Product $ 7125 73 498 939 1352 917 $10,904 -34 43 1574 $ 12,487

15. The Income Approach • Compensation of Employees • Rents • Interest • Proprietor’s Income • Corporate Profits • Corporate Income Taxes • Dividends • Undistributed Corporate Profits • Taxes on Production and Imports

16. The Income Approach • From National Income to GDP • Net Foreign Factor Income • Statistical Discrepancy • Consumption of Fixed Capital • Other National Accounts • Net Domestic Product (NDP) • National Income (NI) • Personal Income (PI) • Disposable Income (DI) DI = C + S

17. $ 12,487 -1,574 $ 10,913 -43 34 $ 10,904 -917 -871 -378 -460 +1,970 $ 10,248 -1,210 $ 9,038 The Income Approach Income Relationships – United States, 2005 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Consumption of Fixed Capital Net Domestic Profit (NDP) Statistical Discrepancy Net Foreign Factor Income National Income (NI) Taxes on Production and Imports Social Security Contributions Corporate Income Taxes Undistributed Corporate Profits Transfer Payments Personal Income (PI) Personal Taxes Disposable Income (DI)

18. ALL OTHER COUNTRIES X - M GDP • Compensation • of Employees • Rents • Interest • Dividends • Proprietor’s Income • Corporate Income • taxes • Undistributed • Corporate profit • Taxes on productions • and imports • Consumption • of fixed capital NNP NI PI DI Personal Taxes Transfer pay- ments • Corporate Income • taxes • Undistributed • Corporate profit • Taxes on productions • and imports • Social Security Con • tributions • Consumption • of fixed capital Business I House hold C Government G

19. Penghitungan GDP riil dengan tahun dasar, tahun 1

20. Penghitungan GDP • HARGA DAN KUANTITAS • Tahun Harga Kuantitas Harga Kuantitas • Hotdog Hotdog Hamburger Hamburger • 2001 $1 100 $2 50 • 2002 2 150 3 100 • 2003 3 200 4 150

21. GDP Nominal, GDP Riil, dan GDP Deflator • PERHITUNGAN GDP NOMINAL • Tahun • 2001 ($1 per hotdog x 100 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 50 hamburger) = $ 200 • 2002 ($2 per hotdog x 150 hotdog) + ($3 per hamburger x 100 hamburger) = $ 600 • 2003 ($3 per hotdog x 200 hotdog) + ($4 per hamburger x 150 hamburger) = $ 1,200 • PERHITUNGAN GDP RIIL ( Tahun dasar 2001 ) • Tahun • 2001 ($1 per hotdog x 100 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 50 hamburger) = $ 200 • 2002 ($1 per hotdog x 150 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 100 hamburger) = $ 350 • 2003 ($1 per hotdog x 200 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 150 hamburger) = $ 500 • PERHITUNGAN GDP DEFLATOR • Tahun • 2001 $ 200 / $ 200 X 100 = 100 • 2002 $ 600 / $ 350 X 100 = 171 • 2003 $ 1, 2000 / $ 500 X 100 = 240

22. Nominal GDP, Real GDP and GDP Price Index, Selected Years

23. Penghitungan GDP deflator • GDP deflator GDP Nominal GDP deflator 100 X GDP riil

24. Contoh PDB Indonesia menurut lapangan usaha • STRUKTUR PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO INDONESIA MENURUT LAPANGAN USAHA TAHUN 2002 DAN TAHUN 2003 (Persentase) • LAPANGAN USAHA 2002 2003 • (1) (2) (3) • 1. Pertanian, Peternakan, Kehutanan dan Perikanan 17,09 16,58 • 2. Pertambangan dan Penggalian 11,06 10,70 • 3. Industri Pengolahan 25,44 24,65 • 4. Listrik, Gas dan Air Bersih 1,89 2,22 • 5. Bangunan 5,83 6,00 • 6. Perdagangan, Hotel dan Restoran 16,49 16,32 • 7. Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi 5,76 6,25 • 8. Keuangan, Persewaan dan Jasa Perusahaan, 6,84 6,88 • 9. Jasa-jasa 9,59 10,39 • PDB 100,00 100,00 • PDB TANPA MIGAS 89,03 89,27

25. PDB MENURUT PENGGUNAAN • PDB MENURUT PENGGUNAAN ATAS DASAR HARGA KONSTAN 1993 (Triliun Rupiah) • Jenis Penggunaan 2002 2003 Pertumbuhan (persen) • (1) (2) (3) (4) • 1. Pengeluaran Konsumsi Rumahtangga 296,6 308,5 4,02 • 2. Pengeluaran Konsumsi Pemerintah 35,4 38,8 9,84 • 3. Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto 95,4 96,7 1,36 • 4. Perubahan Stok -17,7 -19,5 - • 5. Ekspor Barang dan Jasa 101,7 103,7 1,96 • 6. Dikurangi Impor Barang dan Jasa 118,9 123,7 4,04 • Produk Domestik Bruto 426,9 444,5 4,10

26. Shortcomings of GDP • Nonmarket Activities • Leisure • Improved Product Quality • The Underground Economy • GDP and the Environment • Composition and Distribution of the Output • Noneconomic Sources of Well-Being